Ethical Considerations
In the past, researchers performed all kinds of questionable experiments in
the name of science. For example, in one famous experiment, psychologist Stanley
Milgram led his subjects to believe that they were giving painful electric shocks to
other people. Many people consider this experiment unethical because it caused the
subjects emotional discomfort. Today, researchers must abide by basic ethical norms
when conducting research. Most important, they must consider whether they might harm
their human or animal subjects while doing research.
Ethics
Ethics refers to a system of moral values or the way people
distinguish right from wrong. The American Psychological Association
(APA) requires all its members to adhere to its code of ethics,
which applies to the treatment of both humans and
animals.
Research with Human Subjects
Researchers must get informed consent from their subjects before beginning
research. Informed consent means that subjects must know enough
about the research to decide whether to participate, and they must agree to
participate voluntarily. Furthermore, researchers have an ethical obligation to
prevent physical and mental harm to their subjects. If there is any risk of
harm, they must warn subjects in advance. Researchers also must allow subjects
to withdraw from a study at any time if they wish to stop participating.
Finally, researchers have an obligation to protect the anonymity of their
subjects.
Some psychological research cannot be done when subjects are fully
informed about the purpose of the research, because people sometimes behave
differently when under observation. To study people’s normal behavior,
researchers sometimes have to deceive subjects. Deception is considered ethical
only if:
- The study will give researchers some valuable insight
- It would be impossible to do the study without deception
- Subjects can learn the truth about the study’s purpose and methods afterward
Research with Animal Subjects
Although most psychological research involves human subjects, some
psychologists study animal subjects instead of or in addition to humans.
Research with animal subjects has helped psychologists do the following:
- Learn facts about animal species
- Find ways to solve human problems
- Study issues that can’t be studied using human subjects for practical
or ethical reasons
- Refine theories about human behavior
- Improve human welfare
Many people question the ethics of animal research because it can involve
procedures such as deprivation, pain, surgery, and euthanasia. Psychologists
have ethical obligations to treat animal subjects humanely and to do research on
animals only when the benefits of the research are clear.
People who are against animal research maintain three
arguments:
- Animals should have the same rights as humans.
- Society should enact safeguards to protect the safety and welfare of
animals.
- Researchers should not put the well-being of humans above the
well-being of animals.
