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Sociology
Society and Culture
Culture
Culture is everything made, learned, or shared by the members of a
society, including values, beliefs, behaviors, and material objects.
Culture is learned, and it varies tremendously from society to society. We begin
learning our culture from the moment we’re born, as the people who raise us encourage certain
behaviors and teach their version of right and wrong. Although cultures vary dramatically, they
all consist of two parts: material culture and nonmaterial culture.
Material Culture
Material culture consists of the concrete, visible parts of a
culture, such as food, clothing, cars, weapons, and buildings. Aspects of material culture
differ from society to society. Here are a few features of modern material culture in the
United States:
- Soy lattes
- CD burners
- Running shoes
- iPods
- Lifestyle magazines
- Organic vegetables
- Sport utility vehicles
Example:
One common form of material culture is jewelry that indicates a person’s status as
married. In American culture, people wear a metal band on the ring finger of the left hand to
show that they are married. In smaller, nonindustrialized societies, everyone knows everyone
else, so no such sign is needed. In certain parts of India, women wear a necklace to indicate
that they are married. In Northern Europe, married people wear wedding bands on the right
hand.
Nonmaterial Culture
Nonmaterial culture consists of the intangible aspects of a culture, such
as values and beliefs. Nonmaterial culture consists of concepts and ideas that shape who we are
and make us different from members of other societies.
- A value is a culturally approved concept about what is right or wrong,
desirable or undesirable. Values are a culture’s principles about how things
should be and differ greatly from society to society.
Example:
In the United States today, many women value thinness as a standard of beauty. In
Ghana, however, most people would consider American fashion models sickly and undesirable. In
that culture and others, robustness is valued over skinniness as a marker of
beauty.
Cult of the Car
Automobile ownership clearly illustrates the American value of material acquisition.
Americans love cars, and society is constructed to accommodate them. We have a system of
interstate roadways, convenient gas stations, and many car dealerships. Businesses consider
where patrons will park, and architects design homes with spaces for one or more cars. A
society that values the environment more than the material acquisition might refuse to build
roadways because of the damage they might do to the local wildlife.
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Beliefs are specific ideas that people feel to be true. Values support
beliefs.
Example:
Americans believe in freedom of speech, and they believe they should be able to say
whatever they want without fear of reprisal from the government. Many Americans value freedom
as the right of all people and believe that people should be left to pursue their lives the
way they want with minimal interference from the government.
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