Nutritional Monitoring
Nutrition monitoring entails a coordinated effort in the continuing collection
of diet and health information and periodic publishing of results. In the
United States, data from nutritional monitoring is used for dietary guidelines,
policy making, fortification, and food-assistance programs. The National
Nutrition Monitoring and Related Research Act of 1990 provides a 10-year plan
for nutrition monitoring in the U.S. The act stipulated that the following five
activities would occur:
- Measurement of nutrition and related health
- Measurement of food and nutrition consumption
- Assessment of dietary knowledge, attitude and behavior
- The compilation of food-composition and nutrient databases
- The determination of food supply
The first activity is performed through the National Health and Nutrition
Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted by the National Center for Health
Statistics, which is part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
The most recent survey completed, NHANES III, collected data from 1988 to 1994.
The number of participants for this survey was 33,994. NHANES III consisted of
24-hour dietary recalls, food frequency questionnaires, questions on eating
habits and lifestyle, medical history, vitamin and supplement use,
anthropometric measures, biochemical tests, and physical and dental exams.
Information and data files from NHANES III are contained on the Internet
(www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.htm). Data is used for the educational publications
Dietary Guidelines for Americans and Healthy People 2000.
Measures of food consumption are conducted by the Food Surveys Research Group of
the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) through the Continuing Survey of
Food Intake of Individuals. It may also be referred to as the What We
Eat in America survey. The latest survey is CSFII 94-96. This survey
consists of two non-consecutive days of food intake through an interview with
15,000 people. In addition, 5765 individuals completed the Diet and Health
Knowledge Survey, which covers the third activity listed above. This data
is found on the Internet (www.barc.usda.gov/bhnrc/foodsurvey).
The USDA Agricultural Research Service's Nutrient Data Laboratory publishes and
maintains a nutrient database. As discussed above in "Computerized Dietary
Assessment," the latest version, USDA Nutrient Database for Standard
Reference, Version 13 contains data on 6200 foods. Nutrient data can be
looked up on the Internet (www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp).
The last activity, determination of the food supply, is conducted through the
Total Diet Study, which has been conducted by the Center for Food Safety
and Applied Nutrition of the Food and Drug Administration. This study has been
conducted yearly and collects information on the amount of pesticides,
contaminants, and nutrients in the food supply. It also examines the diets of
specific age and sex groups using information from nationwide food consumption
surveys. The study is able to identify and monitor trends over time. The data
may be used to make policy decisions regarding food safety, additives,
pesticides, fortification, and food labeling.
