Introduction
Minerals are simple-structured substances that play major roles in many
metabolic functions. Many minerals are components of enzymes, which are
catalysts of chemical reactions in the body. Additionally, minerals regulate
and control the normal function of human and animal tissues, muscles, and
organs. For example, sodium and potassium play a vital role in maintaining
proper fluid balance. Calcium acts as a major structural component of bones
and teeth. Iron carries oxygen throughout the body in blood.
Minerals are divided among two classes, major minerals and trace minerals.
Animals and humans need major minerals, including sodium, potassium, calcium,
magnesium, and phosphorus in large amounts. Trace minerals, also called trace
elements, are needed in small amounts, although that should not be taken as an
indication of the importance of trace minerals for the proper functioning of the
body. Some of the most essential trace minerals include iron, zinc, copper,
selenium, chromium, and iodine.
This SparkNote reviews the important major and trace minerals, their unique
important functions, how they are absorbed and excreted by animals and humans,
in what foods they can be found, and their supplemental uses. The guide begins
with a section on water and fluid balance, a vital metabolic process which
incorporates many minerals. The further readings can be consulted for more
detailed explanation of metabolic functions and discussion on other nonessential
minerals such as metals.
