It is impossible to separate economic inequality and the breakdown of the tribal way of life fully, because to a large degree, economic inequality is responsible for this breakdown. The land can no longer support the people, so the young men and women migrate to the morally corrupted cities. In this sense, both men are right. But Msimangu has a better grasp of the complexity of the problems gripping South Africa and a more attractive vision of what a better South Africa may look like. John seems to believe that black people simply need more money and power to be free. Msimangu, however, envisions freedom as the right to live in a moral and just society, not as power and possessions. He would like to see South Africa built on a foundation of selfless love rather than personal self-interest. Without a moral framework and new traditions to give life meaning, he believes, money and power will bring little happiness. John’s vision of life lacks a commitment to family and high ideals and is therefore essentially empty.

Christianity is central to Kumalo’s character and his understanding of the world. It is his Christian faith that allows him to bear the hardships that he faces. If everyone in South Africa embraced the Christian ideals of brotherly love, forgiveness, and charity, then perhaps Christianity could succeed in replacing the broken tribal system. Some whites in South Africa, however, use Christianity to rationalize injustice. They claim that God wants the blacks to remain unskilled and lacking power. In this way, Christianity becomes part of South Africa’s problems instead of a potential solution. Kumalo’s Christianity seems to blend tribal values and Christian values, which overlap a good deal. He calls God “Tixo,” an African word for the Great Spirit, and the tribal ideas about the importance of the family are indistinguishable from Christian ones. It would seem that true Christianity is as threatened by the injustices of South Africa as the old tribal structure once was.

The landscape surrounding Ndotsheni represents the basic goodness and beauty of Africa. This land can nourish and sustain a large number of people and give them great happiness. In Ndotsheni itself, however, the land is not so beautiful. It has been damaged by over-grazing and poor farming techniques. Lacking education and restricted to limited plots of land, the villagers of Ndotsheni injure the land because they have not been taught to protect it and because too many of them are competing for the same resources. The beauty of South Africa, it would seem, depends upon the justice and wisdom of the social systems it supports. If these systems are ugly, then the land will come to mirror them. South Africa’s beauty is a source of hope, but this hope must be carefully protected and nurtured. Jarvis’s attempt, at the end of the novel, to teach the people of Ndotsheni better farming techniques is a step in this direction.