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Act Three
Summary
From the opening of the act to the arrival of Krogstad’s second letter.
Mrs. Linde sits in the Helmers’ house, waiting. Krogstad
soon appears in the doorway, having received a note from Mrs. Linde asking
her to meet him. She tells him that they have “a great deal to talk
about,” and it becomes apparent that Mrs. Linde once had romantic
relations with Krogstad but broke them off in order to marry
Mr. Linde, who had more money. Mrs. Linde says that she felt the
marriage was necessary for the sake of her brothers and mother but regrets
having ignored her heart, which told her to stay with Krogstad. She
tells Krogstad that she wants to get back together with him, to
take care of him and his children. Krogstad is overjoyed.
Mrs. Linde hears the music stop upstairs and realizes
that Torvald and Nora will soon return. She tells Krogstad that
his letter is still in Torvald’s letterbox, and Krogstad momentarily
questions Mrs. Linde’s true motives—perhaps she has promised herself
to him only to save Nora. Mrs. Linde calms Krogstad, saying “when
you’ve sold yourself once for someone else, you never do it again.”
She even tells him that although she originally hoped to
persuade him to ask for his letter back, after observing the Helmer
household, she feels that Torvald must discover the truth about
Nora. The dance ends, and Mrs. Linde urges Krogstad to leave. He
says that he will wait for her downstairs, and she suggests that
he walk her home. Krogstad then exits.
Excited by the prospect of a new life, Mrs. Linde puts
on her coat and prepares to leave. Nora and Torvald enter, Nora
begging to return to the party. Torvald compliments and teases Nora
for Mrs. Linde’s benefit, then leaves the room in search of a candle. While
he is gone, Mrs. Linde tells Nora that she has spoken to Krogstad
and that Nora must tell her husband everything. Nora says, “I knew,”
but then says that she will not tell Torvald. Mrs. Linde reminds
her of the letter. Torvald returns, notices Mrs. Linde’s knitting,
and tells her that she should take up embroidery instead, saying
that embroidery is a more graceful pastime than knitting. Mrs. Linde
says goodnight and then departs.
Torvald expresses his relief that Nora’s boring friend
has gone, and he begins to move toward his wife. She tells him to
stop watching her, but he protests that he is always entitled to
watch his “prize possession.” He continues his sexual advances,
telling Nora that when they are in public, he imagines her as his
“secret fiancée” and “young bride.” Nora continues to protest, saying
she wishes to be alone.
Dr. Rank knocks on the door, annoying Torvald by calling
so late. In front of Torvald, Nora and Dr. Rank speak in coded terms about
the experiment that Dr. Rank was to do on himself; Dr. Rank says
that the result is clear, then exits. Torvald thinks that Dr. Rank is
simply drunk, but Nora understands that Dr. Rank has come to tell
her that he is certain of his impending death.
Torvald goes to retrieve his mail and notices that someone
has been tampering with the mailbox lock using one of Nora’s hairpins. Nora
blames the children. In the mail, Torvald finds that Dr. Rank has
left two calling cards with black crosses on them. Nora explains to
Torvald that this means that Dr. Rank has gone away to die. Torvald
expresses sadness, but decides that Dr. Rank’s death might be best
for everyone, since it will make Torvald and Nora “quite dependent
on each other.” He tells Nora that he loves her so much that he
has wished in the past that Nora’s life were threatened so that
he could risk everything to save her.
Nora encourages Torvald to open his letters,
but he argues that he would rather spend time with her. She reminds
him that he must think of his dying friend, and he finally agrees
that perhaps reading his letters will clear from his head the thoughts
of “death and decay.”
Torvald goes into the other room, and Nora paces for
a while. She throws Torvald’s cloak around her shoulders and her
shawl on her head. She is contemplating suicide and is about to
rush out of the house never to return when Torvald storms out of
his study in a rage after reading Krogstad’s letter. Nora confesses
that everything Krogstad has written is true and tells Torvald she
has loved him more than anything. Torvald tells her to stop talking,
bemoans the ugliness of the forgery, and calls Nora a hypocrite
and a liar. He then says that he should have seen such a thing coming—Nora’s
father was a morally reckless individual. Torvald blames Nora for
ruining his life and his happiness by putting him at Krogstad’s
mercy.
Torvald refuses to allow Nora to leave and says that
the family must pretend that all is as it was before, but he states
that Nora should no longer be able to see the children. He says
that he will try to silence Krogstad by paying him off and hopes
that he and Nora can at least keep up the appearance of happiness.
By this point, Nora has become strangely calm, frozen
with comprehension as she begins to recognize the truth about her
marriage. The doorbell rings, and soon after, the maid Helene enters
with a letter for Nora. Torvald snatches the letter from her hands,
sees that it is from Krogstad, and reads it himself. Nora does not
protest. To Torvald’s relief, Krogstad writes that he has decided
to stop blackmailing Nora. In his letter, Krogstad includes Nora’s
promissory note (the one on which she forged her father’s signature).
Torvald relaxes, rips up the contract, throws it into the stove,
and tells Nora that life can go back to normal now that this “bad
dream” has ended.
From now on, forget happiness. Now it’s just about saving the remains, the wreckage, the appearance. Analysis
For most of the play, we see Torvald delighting in Nora’s
dependence upon him but not in his control over her. Nora does refer
to Torvald’s restrictions of her actions—she mentions that
he forbids macaroons, for instance—but the side of Torvald we see
is more pushover than dictator. He seems to love his wife so much
that he allows her to do whatever she pleases, as when he gives
her more money to spend after she returns from buying gifts. In
the scene following the party, however, Torvald’s enjoyment of his
control over Nora takes on a darker tone with
his somewhat perverse sexual advances toward Nora. He treats her
like his possession, like the young girl he first acquired years
ago. Contributing to the feeling of control that Torvald is exercising
over Nora is that the evening has been of Torvald’s design—he dresses
Nora in a costume of his choosing and coaches her to dance the tarantella
in the manner that he finds “desirable.”
Torvald’s inability to understand Nora’s dissent when
he attempts to seduce her stems from his belief that Nora, as his
wife, is his property. Because he considers her simply an element
of the life that he idealizes, her coldness and rebuff of his sexual
advances leave him not baffled but incredulous. He has so long believed
in the illusory relationship that Nora has helped him create over
the years that he cannot comprehend the reality of the situation—that
Nora is discontent with her life and willing to express it.
The hollowness of Torvald’s promises to save Nora shows
how little he appreciates her sacrifice. Nora expects compassion
from Torvald after he finds out about her predicament, especially
since, after learning of Dr. Rank’s imminent death, Torvald confesses
that he fantasizes about risking his life to save Nora’s. Once given
the opportunity, however, Torvald shows no intention of sacrificing anything
for Nora, thinking only of himself and of appearances.
Ultimately, Torvald’s selfishness becomes apparent in
his lack of concern about his wife’s fate, despite the fact that
she committed a crime to save his life. He panics upon learning
of Nora’s crime not because he cares about what will happen to her
but because he worries that his reputation will be damaged if knowledge
of Nora’s crime becomes public. Instead of treating Nora with understanding and
gratitude for her noble intent, he threatens and blames her and then
immediately begins to think of ways to cover up the shame that she
has cast on his family. His proclamation of “I’m saved” after Krogstad’s
letter of retraction arrives reflects that he has been thinking
only of himself in his panic. He says nothing about Nora until she
asks, “And me?” His casual response—“You too, naturally”—reveals
how much her well-being is an afterthought to him.
Torvald’s selfish reaction to Krogstad’s letter opens
Nora’s eyes to the truth about her relationship with Torvald and
leads her to rearrange her priorities and her course of action.
Her shift from thinking about suicide to deciding to walk out on
Torvald reflects an increased independence and sense of self. Whereas
she earlier -succumbs to pressure from Torvald to preserve the appearance
of idealized family life (she lies about eating macaroons and considers suicide—the
ultimate sacrifice of herself—in order to conceal her misdeeds),
she now realizes that she can exist outside Torvald’s confined realm. |
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