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Period
The period of an orbit, usually denoted $T$, is the total time taken for an object to complete one full revolution on its orbit.
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Kepler's First Law
The planets orbit the sun in ellipses, with the sun at one focus.
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Kepler's Second Law
The radius of a planet sweeps out a constant area per unit time.
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Kepler's Third Law
\begin{equation} T^2 = \frac{4\pi^2a^3}{GM} \end{equation} where $T$ is the period, $G$ is the gravitational constant, and $M$ is the mass of the sun.
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Eccentricity
The eccentricity is a measure of the elongation of an ellipse. It is defined as: \begin{equation} \epsilon = \sqrt{1 - \frac{b^2}{a^2}} \end{equation} where $a$ and $b$ are the semimajor and semiminor axis lengths respectively.
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Aphelion
The point of a planet's furthest distance from the sun on its orbit.
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Perihelion
Is the point of a planet's closest approach to the sun.
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Apogee
For an earth orbit, the furthest distance from the earth.
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Perigee
For an earth orbit, the closest distance to the earth.