Labeling theory proposes that abnormal disorders are in fact created by social expectations. This means that society sets up certain norms and rules that individual must follow, and failure to adhere to these rules defines abnormal behavior. Thus labeling theory is concerned with the social context and the social factors concerned with the diagnosis of an abnormal behavior. Thomas Scheff (1984), a supporter of the theory of mental disorders as maladaptive social roles, goes even further than categorizing abnormal behavior as violations of societal rules. He proposes that the condition of those suffering from mental disorders usually worsens after they have been given the label of "crazy." A type of self-fulfilling prophecy inevitably occurs wherein the individual conforms his or her behavior to the label given to him or her. This introduces such important ideas such as that a diagnostic label actually confers a type of reward to individuals for certain atypical behaviors and that stigma (negative attitudes others have of the subjects) contributes to the maintenance of the mental disorder. Yet, studies like the Epidemiological Catchment Area Study indicate that many mental disorders are long- lasting and full of suffering, regardless of other people's reaction, if they go untreated.