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Humanistic Therapy
Humanistic approaches evolved mainly as an opposition to the highly
mechanistic and deterministic elements of both the psychodynamic and
behavioral approaches. Proponents of this school argue that frustrations in
human existence, especially problems that arise from alienation and conflicts
within the self-concept lead to emotional problems. Humanistic therapists also
believe in the ability of the patient to make his or her own choices and to
control their future. In order to help these individuals to make their
own choices, therapy involves making them aware of their hidden emotions and
desires. In this way, humanistic therapy is very much like psychodynamic
treatment in that it emphasizes insight-oriented methods. However, since
humanistic therapists are more concerned with how their patients are feeling and
not necessarily why they feel that way, the humanistic approach is
actually more like behavioral therapy in its emphasis on the present. The most
unique attribute of humanistic therapies is the vast importance of the patient-
client relationship. Whereas in the psychodynamic and behavioral approaches
this relationship is seen as the means to an end, in the humanistic approach,
the relationship is the treatment. The goal of the treatment is not to solve
all of the individual's problems, as in behavioral therapy, but rather to place
more autonomy in the hands of the patient so that the patient can help him- or
herself.
Variations of the Humanistic Approach
There are two major categories within the humanistic approach: client-centered
therapy and gestalt therapy. A major pioneer of client-centered therapy
was Carl Rogers. He believed in non-directive therapy, which means that the
patient plays the primary role in generating his or her improvement. The
premise of this therapeutic approach is that everyone has the ability to be
self-directive, but we are often situated in invalidating environments that
hinder the psychological process instead of healing. The goal, then, is to
provide the individual with warmth, genuineness, empathy, and unconditional
positive regard so that the individual can heal him- or herself. The role of
the therapist, instead of acting like a "blank slate", as in psychoanalysis,
becomes a basis of reflection of content and affect. The therapist exhibits his
or her empathy by showing that he or she understands both the patient's
expressed and not expressed emotion. And since the therapist does not assume
the role of an expert, there is allowance for him or her to share personal
experiences with the patient. The patient, who is being treated with a lot of
respect and support, is referred to as a "client" rather than a patient.
Gestalt therapy, on the other hand, places the therapist in a very
antagonistic position towards the patient. Although this form of therapy is
also concerned with increasing emotional awareness, the method is for the
therapist to confront the patient as being fake and phony until he or she
expresses genuine emotion. Gestalt therapists especially emphasize the present
by preferring that the patient truly experience an emotion instead of simply
talking about how he or she feels in abstract terms.
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