SparkNotes: Review of Cognitive Psychology: Test

1. Which of the following types of memory is responsible for the ability to ride a bike?

(A) implicit memory

(B) explicit memory

(C) action memory

(D) short-term memory

2. According to Broadbent's theory of attention, how many channels can we attend to at once?

(A) 1

(B) 2

(C) 3

(D) as many as we want

3. In the Stroop task, if the word shown is the name of a color, subjects' response time:

(A) decreases

(B) increases

(C) stays the same

(D) none of the above

4. What task gives evidence for the existence of implicit memory?

(A) Stroop

(B) dichotic listening

(C) Wisconsin Card Sort

(D) stem completion

5. Which of the following is NOT an example of overregulation (in language)?

(A) goed

(B) mouses

(C) tuffles

(D) fastly

6. Which of the following sentences is in the passive voice?

(A) The bully was usually well-behaved.

(B) The bully usually behaved well.

(C) The bully kicked other children.

(D) Other children let the bully kick them.

7. Which of the following is NOT a functional morpheme?

(A) s

(B) ell

(C) ing

(D) pre

8. Einstellung means:

(A) postmodern Germanic style of art

(B) intrusion of an unwanted traumatic memory into consciousness

(C) rigidity in framing a problem

(D) incorrect sentence parsing

9. Which of the following memory errors is most closely associated with post- traumatic stress disorder?

(A) persistence

(B) transience

(C) fright

(D) bias

10. When we force our memories to conform to our current beliefs and knowledge, we are succumbing to the error of:

(A) absent-mindedness

(B) bias

(C) misattribution

(D) persistence

11. Which of the following words would probably be noticed in the unattended channel?

(A) "theory"

(B) "book"

(C) "slingshot"

(D) "sex"

12. Which of the following is NOT a feature:

(A) orientation

(B) color

(C) category

(D) enclosure

13. Experts would probably be helped by which of the following:

(A) chunking

(B) working backwards

(C) anchoring

(D) Einstellung

14. At what age do children begin to overgeneralize in language?

(A) three

(B) four

(C) two

(D) twelve

15. Stereotypes are a result of:

(A) accurate judgments about people and groups

(B) categorical perception

(C) bias

(D) the representativeness heuristic

16. Why do people use heuristics?

(A) to improve memory

(B) to figure out correct syntax

(C) to save time when making judgments

(D) to improve powers of mental imagery

17. Aphasia can be caused by damage to:

(A) a potted plant

(B) the frontal lobe

(C) Broca's area

(D) the visuo-spatial sketch pad

18. According to Baddeley's model, what are the three parts of working memory?

(A) word, syntax, parse

(B) visuo-spatial sketch pad, central executive, phonological loop

(C) phonological loop, rehearsal, encoding

(D) short-term, long-term, implicit

19. A garden path sentence causes errors in:

(A) problem solving

(B) categorical perception

(C) morphemes

(D) parsing

20. Which of the following nouns has an irregular plural form?

(A) sheep

(B) fish

(C) mouse

(D) all of the above

21. Which of the following is an example of top-down effects?

(A) the use of semantics in parsing grammatically ambiguous sentences

(B) the use of context in perceiving ambiguous letters

(C) the direction of attention by knowledge and intentions

(D) all of the above

22. Amnesia is usually caused by damage to:

(A) Wernicke's area

(B) hippocampus

(C) heuristic

(D) syntax

23. If you study and are tested in the same location rather than in two different locations, your performance will be:

(A) better

(B) worse

(C) about the same

(D) none of the above

24. Memories fade over time due to:

(A) decay

(B) interference

(C) both decay and interference

(D) neither decay nor interference

25. Which of the following is a basic-level category?

(A) animal

(B) reptile

(C) frog

(D) South American tree frog

26. Whose theory of object recognition promotes geons as the basic building blocks of objects?

(A) Tarr

(B) Biederman

(C) Baddeley

(D) Broadbent

27. Which of the following is a problem for the prototype model?

(A) too many examples must be stored in memory

(B) novices can use it too easily

(C) can't account for hazy category boundaries

(D) it can't be applied across all cultures

28. Which of the following operations can NOT be performed using mental imagery?

(A) rotation

(B) reinterpretation

(C) zooming

(D) scanning

29. Evidence from mental scanning times supports the idea that:

(A) a mental image is not like a picture

(B) a mental image is like a picture

(C) a mental image cannot be scanned

(D) a mental image is always upside-down

30. According to Alex Michaels, autistics cannot:

(A) form general categories

(B) form mental images

(C) experience emotion

(D) use correct syntax

31. Which of the following is NOT a strategy used by experts?

(A) chunking

(B) subgoals

(C) automatization

(D) anchoring

32. Which of the following describes the grouping of objects with similar features?

(A) Baddeley's modal model

(B) Broadbent's filter theory

(C) Tarr's template theory

(D) Gestalt principle

33. If items are encountered more frequently, then they are more:

(A) available

(B) anchored

(C) Einstellung

(D) absent-minded

34. False memories are created by:

(A) persistence

(B) anchoring

(C) suggestibility

(D) blocking

35. Tip-of-the-tongue states are caused by:

(A) persistence

(B) anchoring

(C) suggestibility

(D) blocking

36. When new items in memory interfere with the retrieval of old items, it's called:

(A) proactive interference

(B) retroactive interference

(C) lateral interference

(D) pass interference

37. How many years of experience in a particular field are required to be considered an expert, according to this SparkNote?

(A) one

(B) five

(C) ten

(D) twenty

38. Long-term memory depends on:

(A) a network of associations

(B) a collection of photographs

(C) a group of templates

(D) the size of your brain

39. Media bias makes us overestimate the frequency of:

(A) newspaper errors

(B) diabetes

(C) homicides

(D) game shows

40. A linguistic universal is:

(A) a rule of syntax that is true in many different languages

(B) a person who speaks many different languages

(C) a word that has the same meaning in many different languages

(D) a tourist trying to learn the language of another country

41. How are mental images NOT like pictures?

(A) They can be scanned more quickly.

(B) They cannot change their original interpretation.

(C) They are difficult to magnify.

(D) They are not in color.

42. Experts work _____, while novices work ______.

(A) using chunking, using subgoals

(B) backwards, forwards

(C) using subgoals, using chunking

(D) forwards, backwards

43. Which of the following is an example of deep encoding?

(A) spelling each word backwards

(B) counting the number of "e"s in each word

(C) using each word in a new sentence

(D) burying each word in a hole

44. Which type of memory is preserved intact in people with amnesia?

(A) explicit

(B) implicit

(C) long-term

(D) short-term

45. Which of the following is NOT a type of phrase?

(A) verb phrase

(B) object phrase

(C) subject phrase

(D) eject phrase

46. In the dichotic listening task, when the unattended channel contains music rather than speech, subjects' shadowing performance is:

(A) better

(B) worse

(C) about the same

(D) none of the above

47. Which of the following is NOT a type of memory error?

(A) transience

(B) persistence

(C) bias

(D) availability

48. Deep encoding leads to:

(A) easier retrieval

(B) worse retrieval

(C) context-dependent effects

(D) absent-mindedness

49. Cognitive psychologists tend to depend on:

(A) guesses

(B) experiments

(C) introspection

(D) philosophy

50. Which of the following is often used to measure interference?

(A) reaction time

(B) fMRI

(C) blood samples

(D) accuracy of retrieval