SparkNotes: Review of Personality Psychology: Test

1. Which of the following is not basic element of Freudian theory?

(A) traits

(B) ego

(C) id

(D) libido

2. During which of the following stages of Freudian theory does the Oedipal crisis occur?

(A) latency period

(B) phallic stage

(C) oral stage

(D) anal stage

3. An example of an ego defense is:

(A) inversion

(B) self-actualization

(C) projection

(D) declension

4. Which of the following was not a humanistic- existentialist psychologist?

(A) Rollo May

(B) Raymond Cattell

(C) Abraham Maslow

(D) Carl Rogers

5. Which of the following is not a trait or temperament theorist?

(A) Sigmund Freud

(B) Raymond Cattell

(C) Hans Eysenck

(D) Jerome Kagan

6. Freudian theory claims that the two basic instincts are:

(A) libido and Eros

(B) sex and death

(C) aggression and fear

(D) fear of death and fear of sex

7. Fixation of the libido at the anal stage can lead to:

(A) stinginess and fastidiousness

(B) aggressiveness and neuroticism

(C) passiveness and dependency

(D) constipation

8. Freud's developmental stages go in the following order:

(A) oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

(B) oral, anal, latency, genital, phallic

(C) phallic, latency, genital, oral, anal

(D) anal, oral, latency, phallic, genital

9. Which term refers to the ego defense of trying to feel the opposite of what one actually feels?

(A) reaction formation

(B) projection

(C) displacement

10. Which term refers to the ego defense of channeling inappropriate libido into a task that is in accord with one's ideals (e.g. art, work)?

(A) projection

(B) displacement

(C) sublimation

(D) reaction formation

11. The Freudian term that describes attaching libido to an object is:

(A) cathexis

(B) cateplexy

(C) catharsis

(D) synthesis

12. Instead of focusing on sex and death as the driving forces behind behavior, Erikson focused on:

(A) social needs

(B) personal needs

(C) existential angst

(D) sex only

13. Erikson thought the first stage of psychosocial development was:

(A) identity vs. identity confusion

(B) the oral stage

(C) trust vs. mistrust

(D) integrity vs. despair

14. Erikson was a psychologist in which tradition?

(A) psychodynamic

(B) humanistic-existential

(C) trait theoretic

(D) social cognitive

15. Erikson, unlike Freud, believed that development:

(A) was heavily influenced by early life experiences

(B) extended throughout the life span

(C) progressed through qualitatively different stages

(D) was influenced by unconscious forces

16. All of the following are basic assumptions of Freudian theory except:

(A) The forces that drive human behavior are selfish and/or aggressive

(B) Behavior is driven by unconscious forces

(C) Early life experiences shape later behavior

(D) Each individual is free to determine his or her own behavior

17. Which of the following behaviorist reward schedules is likely to produce a high rate of steady responding?

(A) variable-ratio

(B) fixed-ratio

(C) fixed-interval

(D) variable-interval

18. Behaviorism argues that behavior is determined mostly by:

(A) environmental contingencies of reinforcement and punishment

(B) early life experiences

(C) self-representations and self-efficacy

(D) unconscious drives

19. Which of the following traditions in personality psychology rejected the idea of an internal "personality"?

(A) behaviorist

(B) humanistic-existential

(C) psychodynamic

(D) trait theoretic

20. Social cognitive theory grew out of which tradition of psychology research?

(A) humanistic-existential

(B) psychodynamic

(C) behaviorist

(D) temperament

21. The most prominent behaviorist in the latter half of the twentieth century was:

(A) B. F. Skinner

(B) John Watson

(C) Edward Thorndike

(D) Albert Bandura

22. "Self-efficacy" refers to:

(A) one's belief in one's ability to perform a task

(B) one's belief in one's efficiency

(C) one's belief that one's can control one's environment

(D) one's ability to perform a task

23. "Self-efficacy" is a concept developed by:

(A) B. F. Skinner

(B) Albert Bandura

(C) John Watson

(D) Erik Erikson

24. Factor analysis is:

(A) a method for determining the early life experience's that have shaped a person's behavior

(B) a method for statistically determining groups of items that "hang together" within a larger data set

(C) a method for statistically determining whether one variable is significantly correlated with another

(D) a method for determining the extent to which a person has satisfied his or her goals and expectations

25. Carl Rogers argued that most people in psychotherapy are trying to:

(A) find an accepting social group

(B) find their "true selves"

(C) escape the pressures of everyday life

(D) satisfy their lower-level needs

26. The "hierarchy of needs" was devised by which of the following psychologists?

(A) Carl Rogers

(B) Abraham Maslow

(C) Rollo May

(D) None of the above

27. The highest level of the hierarchy of needs is:

(A) self-actualization

(B) self-esteem

(C) self-discovery

(D) none of the above

28. Rogers, Maslow, and other humanistic psychologists believed that all of the following were important to human existence except:

(A) self-actualization

(B) unconscious drives

(C) self-determination

(D) freedom and responsibility

29. Roger's "conditions of worth" referred to:

(A) parental and societal ideals internalized by the child

(B) conditions the psychotherapist used to judge the mental health of the patient

(C) ways of judging the value of different behavioral goals

(D) none of the above

30. Existential angst can be divided into the following two components:

(A) fear of death and fear of sex

(B) fear of meaninglessness and desire for freedom

(C) fear of death and fear of loss

(D) none of the above

31. Phenomenology refers to the study of:

(A) subjective experience

(B) mental health

(C) self-determination

(D) humanistic-existential psychology

32. Which of the following takes the most holistic approach to human personality?

(A) humanistic-existential psychology

(B) behaviorism

(C) social cognitive psychology

(D) all are equally holistic

33. Kagan has argued that children with an inhibited temperament may have different activity in a part of the brain than children who are uninhibited. Which part of the brain does he mention?

(A) amygdala

(B) hippocampus

(C) hypothalamus

(D) medulla

34. Approximately what percent of infants are "inhibited" according to Kagan's test?

(A) 10-20 percent

(B) 20-30 percent

(C) 1-5 percent

(D) none of the above

35. Studies of twins reared apart have suggested that differences in personality traits:

(A) are about 50% heritable

(B) are completely due to genes

(C) are completely due to the environment

(D) are due to certain aspects of the environment (e.g. parenting style) but not others (e.g. socioeconomic status)

36. The field that concerns itself with determining the genetic influences on behavior is called:

(A) behavioral genomics

(B) genetic behaviorism

(C) behavioral genetics

(D) none of the above

37. Albert Bandura is best referred to as a:

(A) social cognitive or social learning theorist

(B) radical behaviorist

(C) cognitive behaviorist

(D) neo-Freudian

38. The tendency to seek stimulation, to be outgoing, to have many friends, etc., is encapsulating in the Big Five theory as which of the following traits?

(A) novelty seeking-novelty fearing

(B) excitability-passivity

(C) extroversion-introversion

(D) sociability-neuroticism

39. The two factors in Eysenck's personality model were extroversion-introversion and:

(A) sociability-introversion

(B) emotionality-passivity

(C) neuroticism-stability

(D) dominant-submissive

40. The correlation between personality questionnaires and real-world behavior is:

(A) low (approximately 0.10)

(B) moderate (approximately 0.30)

(C) high (approximately 0.80)

(D) very high (approximately 0.95)

41. Which of the following items is not one of the Big Five?

(A) sociability

(B) extroversion

(C) neuroticism

(D) agreeableness

42. Trait theorists like Eysenck and Cattell believe that:

(A) personality traits are consistent across times and situations

(B) behavior is entirely dependent on the situation- person interaction

(C) personalities can be usefully divided into qualitatively different types

(D) none of the above

43. Another name for the rules of operant conditioning is:

(A) the "law of consequences"

(B) classical conditioning

(C) the "law of effect"

(D) none of the above

44. Twin studies suggest that the family environment:

(A) is as important as genes in personality development

(B) is the most influential factor in personality development

(C) plays little or no role in personality development

(D) none of the above

45. A categorical approach to personality involves:

(A) determining qualitative personality types

(B) identifying continuous dimensions along which personalities differ

(C) both of the above

(D) neither of the above

46. According to Freudian theory, what is occurring when anxiety-provoking memories or thoughts are pushed out of awareness?

(A) sublimation

(B) displacement

(C) repression

(D) rationalization

47. The id is governed by:

(A) the pleasure principle

(B) the reality principle

(C) the ego and superego

(D) the sex and death instincts

48. The id, ego, and superego are the three basic structures of the mind according to Freudian theory. Which develops as a results of the Oedipal crisis?

(A) id

(B) ego

(C) superego

(D) none of them

49. Which of the following theorists might argue that the fear of meaningless and non-existence are basic motivators of human behavior?

(A) Rollo May

(B) Erik Erikson

(C) Sigmund Freud

(D) Albert Bandura

50. In Freudian theory, oral fixation is associated with which behaviors as an adult?

(A) selfishness

(B) stinginess and excessive cleanliness

(C) generosity and messiness

(D) gum chewing and cigarette smoking