Some of the solids that appear on the Math IC do not have two congruent bases that lie in parallel planes, so they cannot be considered prisms. As with prisms, you need to know how to calculate the volume and surface area of these non-prisms. The formulas for the volume and surface area of the non-prisms are a little more complex than those for the prisms, but not too difficult.

A cone is not a prism, but it is similar to a cylinder. A cone is essentially a cylinder in which one of the bases is collapsed into a single point at the center of the base.

The radius of a cone is the radius of its one circular base. The height of a cone is the distance from the center of the base to the apex (the point on top). The lateral height, or slant height, of a cone is the distance from a point on the edge of the base to the apex. In the figure above, these three measurements are denoted by r, h, and l, respectively.

Notice that the height, radius, and lateral height of a cone form a right triangle. This means that if you know the value for any two of these measurements, you will always be able to find the third by using the Pythagorean theorem.

Since a cone is similar to a cylinder except that it is collapsed to a single point at one end, the formula for the volume of a cone is a fraction of the formula for the volume of a cylinder:

where r is the radius and h is the height.

For practice, find the volume of the cone pictured below:

To answer this question, just use the formula for the volume of a cone with the following values plugged in: r = x, l = 2x, and h = x. The volume is:

The surface area of a cone consists of the lateral surface area and the area of the base. Because the base is a circle, it has an area of πr². The lateral surface is the cone “unrolled,” which, depending on the shape of the cone, can be the shape of a triangle with a curved base, a half-circle, or a “Pacman” shape. The area of the lateral surface is related to the circumference of the circle times the lateral height, l. This is the formula:

where r is the radius and l is the lateral height.

The total surface area is the sum of the base area and lateral surface area:

When you are finding the surface area of a cone, be careful not to find only the lateral surface area and then stop. Students often forget the step of adding on the area of the circular base. Practice by finding the total surface area of the cone pictured below:

The total surface area is equal to the area of the base plus the area of the lateral surface. The area of the base = πx². The lateral surface area = πx 2x. The total surface area therefore equals πx² + π2x² = 3πx².

A pyramid is like a cone, except that it has a polygon for a base. Though pyramids are not tested very often on the Math IC test, you should be able to recognize them and calculate their volume.

The shaded area in the figure above is the base, and the height is the perpendicular distance from the apex of the pyramid to its base.

The formula for calculating the volume of a pyramid is:

where B is the area of the base and h is the height. Try to find the volume of the pyramid below:

The base is just a square with a side of 3, and the height is ³/₂. B = 3² = 9, and the total volume of the pyramid is:

The surface area of a pyramid is rarely tested on the Math IC test. If you come across one of those rare questions that covers the topic, you can calculate the area of each face individually using techniques from plane geometry, since the base of a pyramid is a square and the sides are triangles. Practice by finding the surface area of the same pyramid in the figure below:

To calculate the surface area, you need to add together the area of the base and the areas of the four sides. The base is simply a square, and we’ve seen that B = 3² = 9. Each side is an equilateral triangle, and we can use the properties of a 30-60-90 triangle to find their areas:

For each triangle, Area = ¹ /₂ 3 ³/₂ = ⁹/ ₄. The sum of the areas of the four triangles is 4 ⁹/₄ = 9 The total surface area of the pyramid is 9 + 9

A sphere is the collection of points in three-dimensional space that are equidistant from a fixed point, the center of the sphere. Essentially, a sphere is a 3-D circle. The main measurement of a sphere is its radius, r, the distance from the center to any point on the sphere.

If you know the radius of a sphere you can find both its volume and surface area. The equation for the volume of a sphere is:

The equation for the surface area of a sphere is: