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Ultimate Style. The Rules of Writing. Real Writers Need Rules.
Punctuation

 
Hyphens
You can open up compound words (coffee mug), hyphenate them (donut-hole-eating), or close them up (coffeepot).

Although there are some strict rules governing when to open, when to hyphenate, and when to close, in many cases there is room for debate. Moreover, the rules that do exist are changing all the time. Often, words that are hyphenated or opened up will, over time, become closed up and accepted as one word (e-mail becomes email, for instance). Feelings on these compound matters run high, so be ready to defend the positions you choose.

Describing Nouns
Hyphens, which look like miniature dashes, have great powers of clarification.
Unclear: Pete plans to attend the oversize truck convention.
Is the convention oversized, or are the trucks oversized?
Clear: Pete plans to attend the oversize-truck convention.
Use hyphens in compound modifiers that come before nouns.
Unclear: All right thinking parents worry about their kids’ safety.
Clear: All right-thinking parents worry about their kids’ safety.
Use hyphens when a few phrases modify one noun.
Unclear: Rufus is a classic wine drinking, NPR listening, theater going Upper West Sider.
Clear: Rufus is a classic wine-drinking, NPR-listening, theater-going Upper West Sider.
Note that it’s almost always correct to hyphenate before a noun and open up after a verb.
• The up-to-date gossip magazine thrilled Angel.
• The magazine, which was always up to date, thrilled Angel.

An easy way to remember when to use hyphens in age-related terms: if the word is year, hyphenate. If the word is years, do not. So you’d say The two-year-old kid wailed, but The kid, who is two years old, wants some ice cream.

Ethnicity and Nationality
As nouns, compound ethnicities and nationalities may either be hyphenated (African-American, Japanese-American) or not hyphenated (African American, Japanese American). Whichever you choose, be sure to be consistent.
• Keith Gessen, a first-generation Russian American, has spent time in Moscow.
• In the 1920s and 30s, many African-Americans moved to the Northeast.
However, do hyphenate adjective forms that come before nouns.
• The Italian-American community soon embraced Tony Micelli as one of their own.
Letters and Numbers
Use hyphens to separate numbers and letters.
• Harry’s social security number is 023-12-3456.
• Just call 1-800-SARDINE.
• I am fed up! F-e-d-u-p!
One Noun, Two Hyphens
If you’re using the same noun in two hyphenated expressions, you may omit the noun from the first expression—but keep the hyphen, and be sure to include a space after it.
• The third- and fourth-string players looked dejected.
• The medal- and trophy-presenting ceremony took place on Tuesday.
Verbs and Prepositions
Do not hyphenate phrases like act up.
UNDESIRABLE: I don’t want to hold-up the proceedings.
• I don’t want to hold up the proceedings.
UNDESIRABLE: It takes a while to settle-in to a new apartment.
• It takes a while to settle in to a new apartment.

 
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Punctuation