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    Water Soluble Vitamins

    Health

    Study Guide
    • Study Guide
    • Topics
      • Introduction of Water-Soluble Vitamins
      • Thiamin
      • Riboflavin
      • Niacin
      • Pyridoxine
      • Folic acid
      • Vitamin B12
      • Vitamin C
    • Terms for Water-Soluble Vitamins

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    Terms for Water-Soluble Vitamins

    Terms for Water-Soluble Vitamins
    • Antibody

      A blood protein that is synthesized in lymphoid tissue in response to a foreign substance called an antigen. Antibodies circulate in the plasma to attack antigens.

    • Arachidonic acid

      An essential fatty acid that cannot be synthesized by the body but can be synthesized by linoleic acid in the body.

    • Arthralgia

      Pain in the joint without swelling.

    • Ataxia

      The shaky movements and unsteady gait that results from the brain's failure to regulate the body's posture and limb movements.

    • Atony

      A state of loss of muscle elasticity.

    • Carnitine

      An amino acid that carries free fatty acids into cell mitochondria to be used for energy.

    • Catabolic

      Describes the chemical decomposition of complex substances in the body to form simpler ones, releasing energy.

    • Catabolism

      The chemical decomposition of complex substances in the body to form simpler ones, releasing energy.

    • Citric acid cycle

      A complex cycle of reactions catalyzed by enzymes occurring in cells. In the presence of oxygen, acetate is broken down to produce energy in the form of adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) and carbon dioxide. The cycle is the final step in the oxidation of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

    • Coenzyme

      A non-protein organic compound that has a role in the reaction catalyzed by an enzyme. Coenzymes frequently contain the B vitamins.

    • Collagen

      A protein that is the primary substance in white fibrous connective tissue. It is also found in skin, bone, cartilage, and ligaments.

    • Cytoplasm

      A jelly-like substance that surrounds the nucleus of cells.

    • Deamination

      A process that occurs in the liver during the metabolism of amino acids. The amino group (-NH2) is removed from an amino acid and converted to ammonia, which is ultimately converted to urea and excreted.

    • Decarboxylation

      A key reaction in cell metabolism involving the removal of a carboxyl group (- COOH).

    • Diffusion

      A process in which substances move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration in a fluid.

    • Edema

      Excessive accumulation of fluids in the body resulting in swelling.

    • Elastin

      A protein that is the primary substance of elastic tissue, which is found in the dermis of the skin.

    • Fibronectin

      A glycoprotein that acts as a host defense mechanism. On the cell surface it induces protein linkage, important in the formation of new epithelium in wound healing. It is also involved in platelet aggregation.

    • Gluconeogenesis

      The process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, such as amino acids. This process occurs in the liver and kidneys.

    • Glyceraldehyde

      A form of glycerol, a clear liquid that is obtained by hydrolysis of fats.

    • Glycoproteins

      A group of proteins with varying carbohydrate components that have similar antigenic properties.

    • Heat-labile

      Describing a substance that is not stable in heat.

    • Hematopoiesis

      The production of blood cells and platelets occurring in the bone marrow.

    • Homocysteine

      A substance in the plasma that is involved in methionine metabolism. Recent research suggests that high homocysteine levels may be a risk factor for coronary artery disease.

    • Hyperlipidemia

      A condition in which there is a high concentration of fats in the blood.

    • Immunoglobulin

      A protein that acts as an antibody. There are five classes of immunoglobulins: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM.

    • Interleukin-2

      A protein that stimulates the immune system by stimulation of T-lymphocytes.

    • Jaundice

      A yellowing of the skin or eyes indicating excess bilirubin (a bile pigment) in the blood.

    • Linoleic acid

      One of the unsaturated fatty acids that are essential for growth but cannot be synthesized by the body. Linoleic acid is mainly found in corn and soybean oil.

    • Lipogenesis

      The process of conversion of glucose from dietary carbohydrate to fatty acids in the body.

    • Lymphocyte

      A type of white blood cell involved in the immune system. B-lymphocytes produce antibodies, and T-lymphocytes are responsible for cell-mediated immunity.

    • Methionine

      A sulfer-containing essential amino acid.

    • Myelin sheath

      Lipid membrane covering the shafts of nerve cells, serving as a protector and insulator.

    • Nonheme

      A term used to describe the type of iron that is not from blood.

    • Peritoneal cavity

      The cavity containing the abdomen.

    • Pernicious anemia

      A condition caused by the absence of the intrinsic factor normally present in gastric juice, which is needed for vitamin B12 absorption.

    • Pruritus

      Itching caused by irritation or nervous disorders.

    • Purine

      A nitrogen-containing compound with a two-ring molecular structure. Adenine and guanine are purines that form nucleotides of nucleic acids.

    • Pyruvate

      A compound derived from carbohydrates that may be oxidized by a complex series of reactions in the Krebs' cycle to yield carbon dioxide and energy in the form of ATP.

    • Transketolation

      In glucose oxidation, the transfer of the first two-carbon group from one sugar to another.

    • Urticaria

      An allergic reaction caused by the release of histidine, causing large red wheals on the skin.

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