Geometry: Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

Problem : Take the following scenario: Every time a batter reaches first base, the next batter hits a double. Every time a batter hits a double, the runner on first scores. Jon reaches first base. What can you deduce about Jon?

Problem : Take the following scenario: When the sun shines, the grass grows. When the grass grows, it needs to be cut. The sun shines. What can you deduce about the grass?

Problem : Take the following scenario: Jim is a barber. Everybody who gets his hair cut by Jim gets a good haircut. Austin got a good haircut. What can you deduce about Austin?

Problem : All dogs are mammals, and all mammals are vertebrates. Shaggy is a dog. What can be deduced about shaggy?

Problem : Why is the following example of deductive reasoning faulty? Given: Khaki pants are comfortable. Comfortable pants are expensive. Adrian's pants are not khaki pants. Deduction: Adrian's pants are not expensive.