|
|
| |
|
Summary
What Is Motivation?
- Motivation is an internal process that makes a person move toward a goal.
- Motivation may be extrinsic, intrinsic, or both.
- Drive reduction theories of motivation suggest that people act in order
to reduce needs and maintain a constant physiological state.
- Abraham Maslow proposed that there is a hierarchy of needs
and that people pay attention to higher needs only when lower ones are satisfied.
- Needs may be innate or learned. Learned needs are determined
by values. Both innate and learned needs are influenced by society and
culture.
Hunger
- A genetically influenced set point may allow people to keep their weight
constant.
- The lateral hypothalamus and the ventromedial
andparaventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus play key roles in regulating
hunger.
- The digestive system and hormones such as insulin and leptin
also regulate hunger.
- Environmental influences on hunger include availability of
foods,preferences, habits, memory,
stress, andcultural attitudes.
Sexual Drive
- Alfred Kinsey was one of the first people to give a modern account of
human sexuality.
- William Masters and Virginia Johnson described the human
sexual response.
- The sexual response cycle has four phases:
excitement,plateau, orgasm, and resolution.
- Testosterone increases sex drive, and sexual activity increases testosterone.
- Psychological influences on sex drive include internal and external erotic
stimuli, desires, and cultural context.
- Researchers have found that there are some gender differences in sexual behavior and
partner choice. Both evolutionary and sociocultural explanations can account for these
differences.
- Estimates of the prevalence of homosexuality vary, and the causes of homosexuality
remain unclear.
- Researchers have suggested that biological factors including hormone
levels, genes, prenatal environment, and brain
anatomy could influence sexual orientation.
- Psychologists have proposed several theories about how environment might influence
homosexuality, but research has failed to support these theories.
Achievement
- Researchers often use the thematic apperception test (TAT) to measure the
need for achievement.
- People who have a high achievement motivation tend to be persistent and
hardworking. They are able to delay gratification to meet long-term goals, and they tend to
choose careers that allow them to compete with others.
- People achieve the most when they have high expectations of
success,incentives that reward competence, control over
tasks,opportunities to achieve, and effective goals.
- Goals are most effective when they are specific, moderately
difficult, and framed in terms of what must be done rather than what must
be avoided.
|
|
