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Problem :

Why is a filled valence shell often called an octet?

With the exception of He, which has 2 valence electrons, the closed shell/noble gas configuration has eight electrons in its valence shell.

Problem :

Which atom has a partial negative charge in a B-H bond?

Because H is more electronegative than B, H has a partial negative charge.

Problem :

Which bond should be longer, F-F or Cl-Cl?

Because Cl is in period 3 and F is in period 2, the Cl atom is larger than the F atom. This means that the Cl-Cl bond should be larger.

Problem :

Which bond should be stronger, H-F or H-Cl?

Because F is both smaller and more electronegative than Cl, it should have a shorter and stronger bond with H than has Cl.

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