|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chapter 18
Summary: Chapter 18
“It makes us aware of how frail and tiny we are and of how much we must depend upon the Master of the Universe.” On the afternoon of the first day of Passover,
Reuven goes over to the Saunderses’ house, where Danny greets him.
Full of fear, Danny leads Reuven up to his father’s third floor
study. Inside, everything is exactly as Reuven remembers it, except
Reb Saunders himself, who looks haggard and stooped with suffering.
He greets Reuven and makes some small talk. When Reuven says he plans
to be a rabbi after graduation, Reb Saunders stiffens as though
in pain. In a soft voice, he remarks that after graduation, Danny
and Reuven will go “different ways.” Danny’s mouth falls open in
shock: he and Reuven realize that Reb Saunders knows about Danny’s
plans not to become a rabbi.
Reb Saunders continues, talking to Danny through
Reuven, never once looking at his son. He explains why he raised
the Danny the way he did. From a very early age, he saw that Danny had
an unbelievably brilliant mind, but possessed little soul. As a young
boy, Danny felt no compassion for the suffering of others, no empathy,
no sense of mercy. Reb Saunders tells the story of his brother,
who forsook Jewish observance in favor of intellectual pursuits
and then died in the gas chambers of Auschwitz. He explains that
only knowledge of the immense suffering in the world can redeem
one’s soul.
Reb Saunders reveals that the silence he imposed upon
Danny was a way to teach him compassion, to teach him to feel the
suffering of others. His own father raised him that way. Reb Saunders learned
through silence to turn inward, to feel his own pain and, in doing
so, to suffer for his people. He says that bearing this burden of suffering
is a fundamental part of being a tzaddik.
In America, Reb Saunders explains, he could
not prevent Danny from his ravenous pursuit of knowledge. He decided
to raise Danny in silence, understanding that it would drive Danny
away from becoming a rabbi, because he felt it was most important
that Danny’s “soul would be the soul of a tzaddik no matter what
he did with his life.”
Danny’s father finishes by telling Reuven that he and
David Malter have been a blessing to Reb Saunders. He says he knew Reuven
and his father both possessed good, deep souls, and he thanks God
for sending both of them to Danny at a time when he was ready to
rebel. In conclusion, he announces that he does not care what profession
Danny chooses—he knows now that his son has the soul of a tzaddik,
and “he will be a tzaddik for the world” no matter what job he holds.
Reb Saunders turns to Danny. Speaking quietly, he asks
his son if he will shave off his beard and earlocks for graduate
school; Danny nods that he will. He asks if Danny will continue
to observe the Ten Commandments; Danny nods again. Stuttering, Reb
Saunders then asks Reuven to forgive him for the silence he imposed
between him and Danny. His voice breaks, and he turns to Danny,
asking his son to forgive him for the pain his style of parenting
caused. Then, his shoulders stooped and his face full of grief,
he shuffles out of the room. Danny bursts into tears. Reuven, also
crying, tries to comfort him. Afterward, the two boys walk for hours
in total silence.
When Reuven returns home, he and his father discuss what
Reb Saunders said. David Malter says that a father has a right to
raise his son however he sees fit, but that he does not like the
way Danny was raised. He tells Reuven that he is glad not to be
a tzaddik and not to have the burden of raising his son as a tzaddik.
A few weeks later, Reb Saunders announces to his congregation that
Danny will study psychology, thereby implying that he is transferring
inheritance of the tzaddikate to Levi. Reb Saunders also withdraws
his promise to the family of the girl Danny was supposed to marry.
Both Reuven and Danny graduate summa cum laude from Hirsch
College. One evening in the fall, Danny, now without beard or earlocks,
comes over to the Malters’ apartment to say goodbye before he moves
to an apartment in Manhattan, near Columbia University. Danny mentions
that he and his father now speak regularly to each other. David
Malter asks Danny if, in the future, he will raise his son in silence.
Danny replies that he will, unless he can find another way to teach
his son to have the soul of a tzaddik. Danny promises to return
on Saturdays to study Talmud, and Reuven watches as Danny turns
and walks away, his metal-capped shoes tapping on the sidewalk. Analysis: Chapter 18
We shook hands and I watched him walk quickly away, tall, lean, bent forward with eagerness and hungry for the future, his metal capped shoes tapping against the sidewalk. Chapter 18 resolves the conflict
between Danny and his father that resulted from Danny’s unexpressed
desire to break away from his culture and tradition. The chapter
also reveals the meaning of the novel’s mysterious instances of
silence. In the novel’s resolution, Potok radically alters our perspective
on all the characters, and on Reb Saunders in particular. We learn
the surprising news that Reb Saunders knows of and does not object
to Danny’s decision not to assume his legacy. As Reb Saunders tearfully
explains why he raised Danny the way he did, we learn the same lessons
that Reuven and Danny have been learning throughout the novel: people
are not always how they initially appear, and we cannot dismiss
that which we do not understand. By revealing information to us
in the same order he learned it himself, Reuven narrates his story
in a way that makes us experience the lessons he and Danny learned
as they experienced them. We therefore empathize with Reuven and
Danny’s newfound awareness.
At first, Reb Saunders’s silence toward Danny
seemed a cruel punishment that indicated he did not care about his
son. Now, we realize that Reb Saunders’s silence reflects how much
he cares about Danny—through silence, he has taught Danny to find
his own soul. Therefore, we realize that Reb Saunders’s goal was noble,
even though his methods were harsh. He chose to cultivate Danny’s
emotions and sympathy for others by treating him with silence, knowing
it would turn him away from the tzaddikate. Reb Saunders wants his
son to have the essence of a tzaddik, however he chooses to live
his life.
David Malter’s reaction to Reb Saunders’s parenting also
tempers our understanding of Mr. Malter and Reb Saunders. Instead
of condemning Reb Saunders’s actions, Mr. Malter merely acknowledges
that Reb Saunders had no choice. It is an acknowledgement of the
difference between his situation and that of Reb Saunders, and of
a respect for those differences. Like the other characters in the book,
David Malter too has been educated and broadened by Reuven’s relationship
with Danny.
Danny’s experience with his father’s silence
parallels Reuven’s brush with blindness. Reuven’s injury forced
him to reevaluate and deepen his understanding of the world. Through
suffering, Reuven gained empathy for others. The threat of blindness,
of lack of perception, gave Reuven a greater appreciation for his abilities
of perception. For Danny, enduring his father’s silence was a similar
experience of stifled perception. When Danny was surrounded by silence,
he learned to turn inward, to examine his own soul, to feel empathy
for others, and to feel suffering.
For Reuven and for us, the meaning of silence has been
mysterious throughout the novel. Moments of silence in the novel
alternate between being terrible and welcome, cruel and warm. Always, silence
leads the characters to introspection. Potok emphasizes the importance
of words, communication, and conversation, but he equally emphasizes
silence and its profound broadening effect. To underscore the effectiveness
of silence, after the talk with Reb Saunders, Reuven and Danny walk
“in silence … saying more … than with a lifetime of words.”
It is notable that The Chosen’s
climax—Reb Saunders’s conversation with Danny and Reuven—involves
a trio of characters. Most of the novel’s action concerns pairs
of characters: either Danny and Reuven, or Danny and Reb Saunders,
or Reuven and Mr. Malter. Mr. Malter and Danny, and Reb Saunders
and Reuven also have moments of conversation. Even the previous meetings
between Reb Saunders, Danny, and Reuven were not really trios, because
Danny had to leave the room for earnest conversation to take place.
By disrupting the normal two-person structure of interaction in
the novel, the novel’s climax highlights the way Reb Saunders’s
words disrupt the seemingly rigid world of Danny’s Hasidic life.
Reuven and Danny have been learning that the world is full of surprises,
that if they keep an open mind they will discover new ways to look
at the world. This lesson is reinforced by the presence of a trio
in the world that up until this point has been dominated by pairs.
To highlight the way Reuven and Danny’s perception
of the world has been broadened, the novel’s final passage places
heavy emphasis on sight and sound. Reuven watches Danny walk away and
listens to Danny’s shoes tap on the sidewalk. In its focus on sight
and sound, the novel’s closing reminds us of the way Reuven and
Danny learned about the world through near-blindness and silence.
Because it describes the separation of Danny and Reuven, the passage
also highlights the importance their friendship held to their growth.
Their empathy for human beings and for each other results from their
reciprocal interaction, from the way they complement, parallel,
and contrast with and teach each other. Reb Saunders acknowledges
this same fact when he thanks God for bringing Reuven into Danny’s
life. |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Contact Us | Privacy Policy | Terms and Conditions | About
©2006 SparkNotes LLC, All Rights Reserved.
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||