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Genre 

Modern American novel, novella

Narrator 

An omniscient third person narrator that fluctuates in and out of the minds of all the characters in the novel, but takes on primarily the voice of the protagonist, Tommy Wilhelm.

Point of View 

The point of view is primarily that of the protagonist, Tommy Wilhelm. However, this is one of the great innovations of the novel. The point of view changes as does the tense. Most often, the narrator takes Tommy Wilhelm's point of view, but the point of view does also encompass the thoughts of other characters, such as Dr. Adler, Tommy's father. It is this shift in point of view that makes the narrator difficult to read, and it brings about the question of how to read parody, irony, paradox, and the narration's occasional ridicule of the main character.

Tone 

The authorial tone is dark and constantly in flux, just as is the character's. It is analytical, however, in it's constant changing. It illustrates the dark and solemn mood of the modern mad but finds redemption in its ultimate optimism.

Tense 

The tense fluctuates between past and present. Most of the time the narrator follows Tommy Wilhelm through the actions of one day but the action is constantly interrupted by flashbacks into the past and dives into the mind of the characters.

Setting (time) 

1950's in America, within the time frame of one day in the life of Tommy Wilhelm. Flashbacks occur about times from 1930s to 1950s.

Setting (place) 

New York (with the occasional change of backdrop in accordance with the flashbacks).

Protagonist 

Tommy Wilhelm. His original birth name was Wilhelm Adler. His father calls him Wilky. His grandfather called him Velvel.

Major Conflict 

The burdens of a modern man. Tommy Wilhelm finds himself jobless, a failure in the eyes of his father, separated from his wife, in love with a woman he cannot marry because his wife will not grant him a divorce, under financial duress, and amidst a failed investment venture.

Rising Action 

Tommy's confrontations with his father and his wife. His failed joint venture in the stock market and his relationship with Tamkin. The final rejections of his father and wife and, finally his encounter at the funeral of a dead stranger.

Climax 

When he finds himself at the funeral of a dead stranger and is moved to tears.

Falling Action 

The surging tears of redemption, "happy oblivion," and understanding that Tommy experiences at the funeral of a stranger at the very end of the novel.

Foreshadowing 

The fact that the elevator at the beginning is "descending" and "sinking" foreshadows danger ahead–a kind of symbolic foreshadowing for the purgatorial, even hellish, environment of the rest of the novel and Tommy's state of mind.

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