The most simple case of a collision is a one-dimensional, or head-on collision. Because of the conservation of energy and momentum we are able to predict a great deal about these collisions, and to calculate relevant quantities after the collision occurs. Before we do so, however, we must define exactly what is meant by a collision.
We all know, somewhat intuitively, the common meaning of a collision: two things hitting each other. Whether the objects are two billiard balls, two particles, or two cars, this common definition applies. The definition used in physics, however, is something more precise. In physics, a collision has two aspects:
A typical collision problem involves two particles with known initial velocities colliding; we are required to calculate the final velocity of each object. If we knew the forces acting during the collision this would be easy. Usually, however, we do not, and are forced to look for other methods of solving the problem. For instance, two balls of the same masses and initial velocities upon hitting a wall bounce back with different velocities according to the "bounciness" or elasticity of the ball. We will examine the cases in which collision problems are soluble, and make some general statements about collisions.
A special category of collisions is called elastic collisions. Formally, an elastic condition is one in which kinetic energy is conserved. This may be difficult to grasp conceptually, so consider the following test: drop a ball from a certain height. If it hits the floor and returns to its original height, the collision between the ball and the floor is elastic. Otherwise it is inelastic. Collisions between pool balls are generally elastic; car crashes are generally inelastic.
Why are these collisions special? We know with all collisions that momentum is conserved. If two particles collide we can use the following equation:
m1v1o + m2v2o = m1v1f + m2v2f |
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So what if energy is not conserved? Our knowledge of such situations is more limited, since we no longer know what the kinetic energy is after the collision. However, even though kinetic energy is not conserved, momentum will always be conserved. This allows us to make some statements about inelastic collisions. Specifically, if we are given the masses of the particles, both initial velocities and one final velocity we can calculate the final velocity of the last particle through the familiar equation:
m1v1o + m2v2o = m1v1f + m2v2f |