Thermodynamics: Gas


Terms and Formulae

Terms

Bose Gas  -  A Bose gas is a gas consisting of bosons.
Boson  -  A boson is a particle with integer spin.
Classical Regime  -  The classical regime is that in which gases behave classically, namely without demonstrating bosonic or fermionic character. We can define the regime as f 1 or n n Q .
Degenerate  -  Term used for a gas when it is too dense to be considered as being in the classical regime, i.e. n > n Q .
Distribution Function  -  The distribution function, f , gives the average number of particles in an orbital.
Einstein Condensation  -  Also known as bose condensation, the effect of boson crowding in the ground orbital.
Einstein Condensation Temperature  -  The temperature below which Einstein Condensation significantly occurs, given by τ âÉá .
Equipartition  -  A classical shortcut that assigns to one particle energy of τ per degree of freedom in the classical expression of its energy.
Fermi Energy  -  The Fermi energy is defined as the chemical potential at a temperature of zero: μ(τ = 0) = .
Fermi Gas  -  A Fermi gas is a gas consisting of fermions.
Fermion  -  A fermion is a particle with half-integer spin.
Heat Capacity  -  The heat capacity of a gas is a measure of how much heat the gas can hold. We define the heat capacity at constant volume to be:

C VâÉá .

We define the heat capacity at constant pressure to be:

C pâÉá .
Ideal Gas  -  A gas of particles that do not interact with each other and are in the classical regime.
Quantum Concentration  -  The quantum concentration marks the concentration transition between the classical and quantum regimes, and is defined as n Q = .

Formulas

 
The classical distribution function

f () = e (μ-)/τ = λe -/τ

 
The chemical potential of an ideal gas

μ = τ log

 
The free energy of an ideal gas

F = log - 1

 
The pressure of an ideal gas is given by the ideal gas law

p =

 
The entropy of an ideal gas

σ = N log +

 
The energy of an ideal gas

U =

 
The heat capacities for an ideal gas

C V = N

C p = N

 
The Fermi-Dirac Distribution function

f () =

 
The Fermi energy of a degenerate Fermi gas

= (3Π 2 n)2/3

 
The energy of the ground state of a Fermi gas

U gs = N

 
The Bose-Einstein Distribution Function

f () =

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