Thermodynamics: Heat
Processes with Heat and Work
The Carnot Cycle
Though we have shown the net flow of energy and entropy, we haven't proposed a more specific mechanism for the heat engine. The most basic cycle is known as the Carnot cycle, and is simple if not completely accurate for a real engine. Still, it is beneficial to see a simplified picture to understand the basic concepts.
The Carnot cycle consists of four phases. Refer to as we trace the steps of the cycle. At point A, the gas (it needn't be a gas necessarily) is at temperature τ h with entropy σ L where the latter represents the lowest entropy attained by the system during the cycle and is distinct from σ l . The gas is then expanded at constant temperature and the entropy is increased to σ H at point B. The expansion is isothermal, that is, performed at a constant temperature.
Now, the gas is expanded further, but at constant entropy. The temperature falls to τ l during this isentropic process and arrives at point C. The gas is then compressed isothermally to point D, and is compressed isentropically back to point A, thus completing one cycle.
The total work accomplished by the system can be written from our previous results as W = Δτ×σ h . Looking at the figure again, we see that this is merely the area enclosed by the rectangle. This yields a nice graphical method of understanding a simple version of a heat engine.
Energies Revisited
We have stressed throughout that knowing well the energy identities makes problem solving much easier, and we have seen this in many of the problems we have tackled. It appears again here, as we discuss processes performed on a gas.
For an isothermal expansion or compression, we wish to deal with an energy where τ appears as a differential. Conventionally, the Helmholtz free energy is used. Barring any diffusive exchange, we can see that dF gives us dU - dQ , which is exactly the work done on the system.
For an isobaric process, we wish to use the Enthalpy, for the pressure appears in the differential there. This choice allows us to carefully account for the work done on the system and that done on the environment in a process.
For a process that is both isobaric and isothermal, it makes sense to look at the Gibbs Free Energy.
Therefore, while solving problems, look for what is being held constant so that you can make an appropriate choice of energy.
