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Escape velocity
The escape velocity is the minimum surface speed required to completely escape the gravitational field of a planet. It does not depend on the direction of launch. It is given by:
v = 
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Viscous Drag
Viscous drag occurs when a satellite interacts with air molecules in the upper atmosphere. The friction generated with the atmosphere speeds up the satellite but spirals it into a lower orbit.
Terms
Formulae
| Relation between r and θ: |
|
| Minimum radius: |
|
| Maximum radius: |
|
=
(1 + εcosθ)
