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Problem : There are two highly significant events that take place during the cell cycle, copying of cellular components and cleaving of the cell into two independent cells. What are the two major phases of the cell cycle and during which does cell copying take place? During which does cleavage take place?

The two major phases of the cell cycle are interphase and M phase. During one portion of interphase, the cell's DNA is copied. During M phase, or mitosis, the cell divides.

Problem : If a cell that is in G1 is not biologically ready to continue on to S phase either because it has not reached a sufficient size or does not have the appropriate cellular environment, what does it do?

G0 is a separate phase of interphase that cells can enter to pause the cell cycle. If a cell is not fully-grown or does not have the appropriate cellular environment, it can enter G0 where it can stay for as long as is necessary to achieve appropriate cellular conditions before proceeding on to S phase.

Problem : What is the major event that takes place during S phase?

DNA, or chromosome, replication is the major event of S phase.

Problem : What is the name of the phase between the end of M phase and the beginning of S phase? Between the end of S phase and the beginning of M phase?

G1 is the phase found between the end of M phase and the beginning of S phase and G2 is the phase between the end of S phase and the beginning of M phase.

Problem : During which phase of interphase does cell growth occur?

This is a bit of a trick question. Cell growth occurs constantly throughout interphase. S phase is the time when all the cell's chromosomes are replicated so significant cell growth occurs here, but during both G1 and G2 cell growth occurs.
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