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Battle of Lechfeld
955 battle where Otto I defeated Magyars definitively. Established him as "the Great."
Schism of 1054
Final break between Eastern Greek Orthodox and Western Catholic Churches.
Battle of Manzikert
Battle in 1071 where Romanus Diogenes and Byzantine forces were defeated by Seljuk Turks. Opens Anatolia up to Turkic migration and Islamization.
The Second Crusade
Spurred by Zengi's capture of Edessa. Launched in 1145. Accomplished nothing.
Battle of Myriokephalon/Myriocephalum
Defeat of Manuel Comnenus by Seljuk Kilij Arlsan in 1176. Full scale military decomposition of Byzantium sets in.
Battle of Hattin
Salah al-Din's defeat of Crusader forces in 1187, leading to Christian loss of Jerusalem soon after.
The Third Crusade
Launched in 1189-1190 in response to Christian defeat at Hattin. Barbarossa participated and died. Richard Lionheart also participated, as did Philip Augustus. Did nothing, but Richard capture Acre and received limited access to Jerusalem for pilgrims.
The Fourth Crusade
Crusade in 1202-1204 called after failed Third Crusade, by Innocent III. Diverted by Venetian and other leaders to sack Constantinople when the Emperor they installed did not pay the funds or provisions he had promised. Numerous Latin States sprang up as result.
Battle of Bouvines
Battle fought in July 1214 principally between John of England and Philip Augustus of France. English defeat. Most Angevin lands return to French Crown.
Magna Carta
Published in 1215; John of England forced to give more power to English barons regarding campaigns, taxes, and general policy, after the excesses leading up to 1214 and rapacious taxation.
1259 Peace of Paris
St. Louis officially obtains English renunciation of claims to Angevin lands in France.
Battle of Legnano
Lombard League defeat of Barbarossa in May 1176, ends his aspirations to establish dominion in northern Italy towns supported by the Pope.
Las Navas de Tolosa
Defeat of Almohads by Castilian-Aragonese kings. Opens Iberia to large- scale Christian reconquest, in 1212.
