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Adding or Subtracting Rational Expressions with Like Denominators

To add or subtract rational expressions with like denominators, add or subtract their numerators and write the result over the denominator. Then, simplify and factor the numerator, and write the expression in lowest terms. This is similar to adding two fractions with like denominators, as in.


Example 1: + =?

=
=
=
= .


Example 2: - =?

=
=
=
= .

Adding or Subtracting Rational Expressions with Unlike Denominators

In Pre-Algebra, we learned that fractions can be added or subtracted if and only if they have the same denominator. Similarly, rational expressions can be added or subtracted if and only if they have the same denominator. Thus, to add or subtract two rational expressions with unlike denominators, we must rewrite them as expressions with a common denominator.

PARAGARPH To find the least common denominator of two rational expressions, factor their denominators. The least common denominator is the product of all the factors that appear in either denominator--it is the union of the two sets of factors (if a factor appears once in both denominators, only count it once, but if a factor appears twice in one denominator, count it twice). Leave the least common denominator in factored form.

Next, determine which factor(s) each denominator must be multiplied by in order to yield the least common denominator--i.e. all the factors in the LCD that do not appear in each denominator. Multiply each fraction by this factor in the numerator and denominator, so as not to change the fraction. Simplify the numerators and add (or subtract) the two "converted" fractions with like denominators. Simplify and factor the numerator, and write the resulting fraction in lowest terms.

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