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Particle Physics Background

Before we talk about gases, we need to understand a few more results from quantum mechanics. We will sometimes use the word "orbital" here to mean a state possible for one particle.

Every fundamental particle is of one of two types. A fermion is a particle with half-integer spin. For example, an electron has a spin of 1/2. A boson is a particle with integer spin. For example, a photon is a boson because it has spin 1.

The difference in the two types of particles can be characterized by what is known as the "Pauli Exclusion Principle", which insists that an orbital can only be occupied by 0 or 1 fermions. Bosons, on the other hand, can be fit without limit into a single orbital. This fact alone leads to radically different behavior under certain conditions, such as low temperature.

Classical Distribution Function

There is a bit of convention that must be established now. Instead of writing < N() > for the average number of particles in a particular orbital of energy , we write f (). f is known as the distribution function, and its value is of course dependent on the type of system that we are talking about.

Notice that the difference between fermions and bosons has to do with orbitals having an occupancy N larger than 1. For this reason, we presume that fermions and bosons behave similarly for sparsely populated orbitals; that is, for f 1. We call this condition the classical regime, because it doesn't depend on the quantum distinctions between particles.

It has been known for quite some time that the classical distribution function is given by:

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