Summary
In his later years, Edison claimed that it was the experience
of selling newspapers at inflated prices on the days of Civil
War battles that led him to life as a telegrapher.
"It struck me then," he claimed, "that the telegraph must be about
the best thing going, for it was the telegraphic notices on the
bulletin boards that had done the trick." Intrigued by the possibilities
of the telegraph, which was reshaping communication in America
in the 1860s, Edison begged friends to teach him how to use one
and began experimenting with telegraph lines and Morse code.
Edison became an apprentice to telegrapher James MacKensie
in the summer of 1862. MacKensie helped Edison land his first telegraphing
job, as an operator for Western Union in Port Huron. At fifteen,
Edison was still learning about discipline: he spent much of his
shift conducting electrical and chemical experiments and was a poor
message transmitter. These habits cost him his second telegrapher
job as a night transmitter in Ontario.
From 1863 to 1867 Edison drifted around the midwest as
a "tramp telegrapher." He bounced along, moving through larger and
larger cities, using his telegraphing jobs mostly as laboratories for
his experiments. He usually left these jobs when he was fired for misbehaving
on the job or failing to send and receive messages properly. It
was at one such job in Indianapolis, in 1864, that Edison produced
what he called "his first invention": a Morse repeater. The device
slowed down the presentation of telegraph messages coming in off
the press wire so the operators could process all the copy.
Slowly, Edison matured as an operator, eventually rising
in the ranks to be given the title of first-class operator. Though
he was better paid, he did not stop being fired from jobs for experimenting when
he should have been working. More importantly though, he also matured
as an experimenter. He immersed himself in scientific and technological
literature and began to keep notebooks with his comments and drawings.
After an aborted attempt to go to Brazil and work as a
telegrapher, Edison found himself in Boston in the spring of 1868.
He found a job in the Western Union office and began frequenting
the Court Street factory of Charles Williams, Jr., a telegraph
manufacturer. This factory was a meeting place for experimenters,
and Edison was able to buy equipment and exchange ideas with the
others. It was at the factory that Edison produced a working model
of his first patented invention, the vote recorder.
Analysis
After the telegraph revolutionized communications in the
United States, one of the highest paid new professions after the
Civil War was that of a telegraph operator. As a new figure on
the American scene, the "tramp telegrapher" took on romantic notions.
Young boys like Edison imagined a life of glamorous rootlessness
and excitement. In truth, there were few men who actually made
their living this way. Those that did were often highly skilled,
undiscplined men with a variety of problems, usually alcoholism.
Most telegraph operators stayed in the same location.
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