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    Introduction to Plants

    Biology

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      • Introduction to Plants
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    Terms

    Terms
    • Alternation of Generations

      The fluctuation between the diploid (sporophyte) and haploid (gametophyte) life stages that occurs in plants.

    • Angiosperm

      A vascular flowering plant in which seeds are enclosed inside of protective ovaries.

    • Autotroph

      An organism that synthesizes its own organic nutrients and does not rely on other organisms for food.

    • Bryophyte

      A lower terrestrial plant (often a moss or liverwort) that lacks a vascular system and is dependent on environmental moisture for reproductive and nutritive functions.

    • Bulb

      Roughly spherical underground bud containing additional buds that can develop asexually into new plants.

    • Chlorophyll

      A green pigment, necessary for photosynthesis, that is found in the chloroplasts of plants.

    • Dicot

      An flowering plant (angiosperm) that possesses two cotyledons during embryonic development.

    • Diploid

      Having two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

    • Gamete

      A haploid sex cell (either an egg or sperm cell); male and female gametes join during fertilization to create a diploid zygote.

    • Gametophyte

      A haploid plant or plant structure that produces haploid gametes through mitosis.

    • Grafting

      An artificial form of vegetative propagation in which parts of two young plants are joined together, first by artificial means and then by tissue regeneration.

    • Gymnosperm

      A vascular non-flowering plant (commonly known as a conifer) in which seeds are not protected by an ovary.

    • Haploid

      Having only one set of chromosomes.

    • Hormone

      A chemical that affects the ways in which an organism functions; it is produced in one part of the plant body but, by traveling to target cells throughout the body, affects many other parts as well.

    • Jacket Cell

      A component of the cell layer that covers the reproductive organs of plants and prevents them from drying out.

    • Monocot

      A flowering plant (angiosperm) that possesses one cotyledon during embryonic development.

    • Ovary

      In plants, the protective structure that holds the ovules and surrounds the angiosperm seed; after fertilization, develops into a fruit.

    • Ovule

      Structure that contains the female gametophyte and gametes; after fertilization, develops into a seed.

    • Phloem

      Vascular tissue composed of cells that are living at maturity; transports the products of photosynthesis throughout the plant body.

    • Photosynthesis

      The process by which plants and other autotrophic organisms convert light energy into organic materials.

    • Pollen Grain

      The male gametophyte of gymnosperms and angiosperms.

    • Root

      The part of a plant beneath the soil; responsible for collecting water and minerals from the soil, storing nutrients, and securing the plant to the ground.

    • Root Hair

      An outgrowth of a plant root that provides an increased surface area for the absorption of water and dissolved minerals from the soil.

    • Runner

      Slender horizontal stem that can give rise, via specialized nodes, to new plants.

    • Shoot

      The part of the plant above the soil, including all aerial structures such as stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits; gathers carbon dioxide and light energy for photosynthesis, provides surfaces for gas exchange, and contains the plant's reproductive organs.

    • Sporophyte

      A diploid plant or plant structure that produces haploid spores through meiosis.

    • Stoma

      A very small epidermal pore, surrounded by two guard cells, through which gases diffuse in and out of a leaf.

    • Tracheophyte

      A terrestrial plant with a vascular system.

    • Tuber

      Fleshy underground storage structure, composed of an enlarged portion of the stem, that has on its surface buds capable of producing new plants.

    • Vascular System

      Mechanism of internal water and nutrient transport, made up of the vascular tissues xylem and phloem, that is characteristic of tracheophytes.

    • Vascular Tissue

      A conductive component (either xylem or phloem) of the system that transports food and nutrients throughout the plant body.

    • Vegetative Propagation

      A form of asexual reproduction in which plants produce genetically identical offshoots (clones) of themselves, which then develop into independent plants.

    • Xylem

      Vascular tissue composed of cells that are dead at maturity; transports water and dissolved minerals upwards from the roots to the shoot.

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