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    Organic Chemistry: Intro to Organic 4

    Chemistry

    Study Guide
    • Study Guide
    • Topics
      • Substitution and Elimination
      • The Rate Law
      • Rate Law Problems
      • Leaving Groups and Nucleophiles
      • Leaving Group and Nucleophile Problems
    • Terms

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    Terms

    Terms
    • α-carbon

      The carbon adjacent to the leaving group .

    • β-carbon

      The carbon(s) adjacent to the α-carbon.

    • β-hydrogen

      The hydrogen(s) attached to the β-carbon.

    • Aprotic

      A solvent that is not a hydrogen bond donor.

    • Leaving Group

      The group that leaves in a substitution or elimination reaction.

    • Nucleophile

      A group characterized by it's SN2 reactivity. Good nucleophiles tend to be good bases, though they need not be. A nucleophile has a lone pair of electrons which makes up the business end of the molecule. See the nucleophilicity section.

    • Protic

      A solvent that is a hydrogen bond donor.

    • Rate

      The speed of a reaction. Often measured in moles per second.

    • Rate law

      A mathematical equation that relates the rate of a reaction to the concentration of its reactants. For a generic reaction:

      X + Y → Z    

      The rate law is expressed as:

      rate = k [X] a [Y] b    

    • Rate-limiting step

      The slowest step in a reaction that determines the overall rate.

    • Reaction order

      In the rate law, the value of "a" and "b" for reactants "X" and "Y," respectively. The overall order of a reaction is the sum of "a" and "b" and tells how many molecules of reactant are involved in the transition state of the rate-limiting step.

    • Reaction intermediate

      An intermediary molecule that accumulates in negligible quantities during a reaction.

    • Transition state

      An extremely unstable molecule that forms between the reactants and their intermediates/products. A transition state exists at the peaks of an energy diagram, in contrast to intermediates and products, which form in the troughs. The âá symbol and brackets denote a transition state structure. The number of reactant molecules present in the rate-limiting transition state is equal to the reaction order.

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