Summary
In New England, stronghold of the Federalist Party, people were very
discontented throughout the war, even after the victory in Baltimore had
electrified the rest of the nation. Some New England Federalists went so far as
to argue for Secession from the Union, in which New England would separately
establish peace with Britain, whether the rest of the country wanted to or not.
Rumors abounded across the nation that some upset Federalists were even tipping
off British cruisers about US ships that were trying to run the British naval
blockade.
In late 1814, the New England Federalists began the most formal expression of
their dissatisfaction war with the beginning of the Hartford Convention. At
this time, even though the battle for Baltimore had been won, it still seemed
possible that Britain could win the war, or at least that the war might go on a
while longer. Delegates from Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New
Hampshire, and Vermont sent delegates to Hartford, where they met in secret for
three weeks. Around the country, many took the meeting of the Hartford
Convention to mean that New England was preparing to secede from the union. Some
of the delegates were in fact very radical. John Lowell and Timothy Pickering,
for instance, at least wanted to use the threat of secession to get their
way. Most delegates, however, were more moderate, like Harrison Gray Otis, who
feared that all the talk of secession might lead to civil war.
After deliberating for three weeks, the Hartford Convention's final demands
were, in fact, quite moderate. The Convention asked for the federal government
to supply financial aid to help New England's trade economy, and for a new
Constitutional amendment which required a two-thirds majority, rather than a
simple 51% majority, in order for embargoes to be imposed or war to be
declared.
The members of the Hartford Convention sent messengers with their demands to
burned-out Washington. Arriving at the same time as news of Andrew Jackson's
victory in New Orleans, the messengers were paid little attention as the city
celebrated wildly. Most people laughed at the messengers of the Hartford
Convention; others saw them as dangerous secessionists. The Hartford Convention,
despite moderate demands, had made the Federalist Party look suspicious, and
after the convention, the party would rapidly decline.
The New England Federalists had good reason to be upset. Northeastern shipping
had been hurt more than any other industry, and though the war had caused
economic hardship throughout the US, it was New England that suffered most. At
the end of the war, as the rest of the country celebrated the Treaty of
Ghent, Federalists had to wonder why the war, with all the economic sacrifices
it entailed, had ever been fought in the first place if the final result did
nothing more than maintain the status quo.
However, though the Federalists were bitter, New England also benefited in many
ways from the war. Because the war had stopped British manufactured goods from
coming into the US, New England manufacturers suddenly received protection
against being undersold by British companies. In these conditions, profitable
New England factories sprang up, and Northeastern manufacturing boomed during
the period. In effect, the War of 1812 jump-started the American
Industrial Revolution, making New
England the dominant site of American manufacturing. In this way, Federalist
anger overlooked a tremendously important side effect of the war.
