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Defining Units

When trying to describe the quantity or quality of something, whether a chemical substance or physical phenomenon, it is helpful to have some standard measure to refer to. A unit is nothing more than a standard by which a measured value can be described. For instance, in the old British system, a foot, was just that, the length of a man's foot. This was helpful in that when a distance between, say, a house and a water well was described in feet, one who had never seen the dwelling in question would have an instant idea of how far away the well was, based solely on a verbal description. The concept today hasn't changed, although our standards make better scientific sense and are more exact.

Systems of Units

There are two different sets of units used in scientific measurements: British Engineering units and the metric system (also called the Standard International (SI) system). Both are based on standards, though those underlying the British system can be shockingly inscrutable. The metric system is based on a far less arbitrary system of tens, and is far more rational, intelligent, and easier to use. In general, people tend to stick with the system with which they are most familiar, and have the most intuitive feeling for. The United States uses the British system; most of the rest of the world (including Britain) uses the metric system. In terms of science, the metric system is almost always used. For Americans, it is therefore often necessary to make conversions between the two. These tables reside in the "Reference" pull-down menu at the top of most SparkNotes pages.

Metric Units (SI units)

The standards metric terms for commonly measured characteristics are listed in below.

Mass kilograms kg Length meters m Volume liters L Time seconds s Electric Current ampere A Temperature Kelvin, Celsius K, C Intensity of light candela cd amount of a substance mole mol

Temperature in the table above is expressed in both Kelvin (K) and Celsius (C). One kelvin is exactly the same as one C, except that the Kelvin scale starts at absolute zero, or -273.15 C, the lowest temperature possible, instead of the freezing point of water. Therefore water freezes at 273.15 K or 0 C.

Prefixes for Units

In addition to the basic metric units described above, there are prefixes to indicate larger or smaller quantities. For example, a meter refers to a standard metric measure of length. A millimeter refers to a measure that is one thousandth the size of a meter (one thousand millimeters fit into a meter); a kilometer refers to a distance one thousand times longer than a meter (one thousand meters fit into a kilometer). By wisely using these prefixes, you can avoid having to use huge numbers or having to resort to scientific notation. The table below shows the most commonly encountered prefixes:

Prefix Symbol Value Description pico p $10^-12$ 1 picoliter, (pL) = 0.000000000001 l nano n $10^-9$ 1 nanogram, (ng) = 0.0000000001 g micro m $10^-6$ 1 micrometer (mm)=0.000001 m milli $10^-3$ 1 milliliter (mL)= 0.001 L centi c $10^-2$ 1 centimeter (cm =0.01 m deci d $10^-1$ 1 decigram dg= 0.1 g *** * $100$ normal units without prefixes kilo k $10^3$ 1 kilogram kg=1000 g mega M $10^6$ 1 megagram Mg=1,000,000 g giga G $10^9$ 1 gigameter Gm= 1,000,000,000 m tera T $10^12$ 1 teraliter (TL)= 1,000,000,000,000 L

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