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The economy is the social institution responsible for the production and distribution of goods.
The two dominant economic systems in the world are capitalism, under which resources and means of production are privately owned, and socialism, a system under which those resources are owned by the society as a whole.
Convergence theory proposes that as countries develop and grow, their economic systems become more alike over time, regardless of initial differences.
Welfare capitalism and state capitalism are hybrids of capitalism and socialism. Welfare capitalism features a market-based economy coupled with an extensive social welfare system. Under state capitalism, the government closely monitors and regulates the resources and means of production, which are privately owned.
According to Karl Marx, capitalism brings workers and employers into conflict. The only way to resolve the conflict is a workers’ revolution to replace capitalism with communism.
The economy is a quickly changing social institution. Economic trends include globalization, demand for educated professionals, self-employment, and diversity in the workplace.
The government is the institution entrusted with making and enforcing the rules of the society, as well as with regulating relations with other societies.
Most of the world’s governments fall into one of four categories: monarchy, democracy, authoritarianism, or totalitarianism.
A monarchy is a political system in which a representative from one family controls the government and power is passed on through that family from generation to generation.
A democracy is a political system in which the citizens periodically choose officials to run their government.
Authoritarianism is a political system that does not allow citizens to participate in government.
Totalitarianism is a political system under which the government maintains tight control over nearly all aspects of citizens’ lives.
The U.S. government is characterized by a limited welfare state and a two-party political system.
Conflicts in governments generally take three forms: revolution, war, and terrorism.
The institution of family has three important functions: to provide for the rearing of children, to provide a sense of identity or belonging among its members, and to transmit culture between generations.
There are many types of families including: nuclear families, extended families, single-parent families, blended families, child-free families, same-sex families, cohabiting families, and foster and adoptive families.
Marriage is a foundation of family life. It exists in every society, with some variations.
The term second shift, coined by sociologist Arlie Hochschild, refers to the unpaid labor that individuals, typically women, perform at home after completing their paid workday.
Religion is a social institution that answers our larger questions and explains the seemingly inexplicable.
The world’s major religions include Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Hinduism, and Buddhism.
Religious groups include churches, sects, and cults.
In the United States, social class, race, and ethnicity are factors in how religious a person is.
Education is the preparation of children for adulthood. It is an important agent of socialization and encourages social integration.
Education can be categorized into two main types: formal and informal.
The quality of education at public schools and private schools varies greatly in the United States.
The institution of medicine is responsible for defining and treating physical and mental illnesses among members of a society. The goal of a society’s medical establishment is to promote health, the total well-being of its people.
Healthcare systems vary widely, reflecting different approaches to managing the health of a population. The different healthcare systems include public healthcare, private healthcare, socialized medicine, and universal healthcare.
The definitions of physical and mental illnesses are different in different cultures.
Medicalization refers to the process by which human conditions, behaviors, or issues that were previously considered non-medical are redefined and treated as medical conditions.
Demedicalization is the process by which certain conditions or behaviors are no longer viewed as requiring medical treatment and are redefined as non-medical.
Sociologist Talcott Parsons proposed the concept of the sick role to describe the social expectations and obligations associated with illness.
Scientific medicine is an approach to healing that focuses on illness. This method is common in the United States.
Holistic medicine is an approach to healing that focuses on a patient’s whole environment.
Media refers to the various channels and technologies used to communicate information to the public and serves several functions, including information, socialization, entertainment, and social control.
