As World War
I came to a close, German physicists were surprised to
find that their position in the international scientific community
had shifted drastically. Once the undisputed masters of the physical domain,
German scientists were shunned by their European colleagues and
shut out of meetings and institutions. Planck, who had over the
last decade become an unofficial spokesman for German physics,
did what he could to draw himself and his peers back into the European
fold. He was motivated by more than the urge to restore the reputation
of his colleagues; Planck believed that once the world accepted
and respected German science, it would once again accept and respect
Germany itself.
In 1919, the European countries who had fought against
Germany in the war established the International Research Council,
an organization which excluded scientists from its administration, meetings,
and projects. The reason most often offered for this exclusion
was the Appeal of the Ninety-Three Intellectuals. Scientists all
over the world had been appalled by the appeal and by the support
it had received throughout the German academic community. These
war-mongering and ultra-nationalistic German intellectuals, they
argued, were not worthy of taking part in an international community.
For Planck, the International Research Council epitomized
the challenge that was facing the German scientists, and Planck
began a long struggle to convince the Council that Germans should
be allowed to take an equal part. The question remained as to how Planck
could achieve such persuasion. Although Planck had himself publicly
renounced his support of the Appeal several years earlier, he counseled
his colleagues not to bother, believing that it would not help
matters. Despite his own nationalistic preaching in the past, Planck
now argued that science should be an international pursuit, one
that rose above politics and nationalities. This led him to being
a bit stubborn and hostile when he felt that non-German countries
were mixing science and politics by punishing German scientists
for their German citizenship.
Because he would settle for nothing less than full equality,
Planck resisted the compromise offered in 1926, when the Council
finally removed its ban on German scientists. Planck and his colleagues wanted
more, namely an explicit renunciation of the Council's anti-German
attitude. This move was directed not only at the administrators
of the Council but also at their own government. The scientists,
disgusted by the way the Weimar Republic had let its enemies walk
all over it with the Treaty of Versailles, pointedly refused to accept
what they saw as a humiliating act of charity by their former enemies.
They wanted to be acknowledged rightfully as full members of the
scientific community, and they didn't want to be admitted begrudgingly
because of politics or pity.
Gradually, the enmity between Germany and its former enemies cooled,
at least in the scientific realm. In 1927, Planck was invited to attend
the Solvay Conference of 1927, even though his scientific work
no longer put him at the forefront of the field. The invitation was
symbolic of the new effort to reach out to the Germans in a spirit
of tolerance and healing.
Despite this success, Planck could not rest; he was fighting
a two front war. His attention had to be split between the struggle
to get German science noticed again by the outside world and an
even more important battle within his own country. He was fighting
to keep German science alive.
Germany was in the midst of a political and economic crisis, which
left the government with little time and even less money to support
the scientific community. What money they did have was spent in
support of the applied sciences and their researchers, because
it seemed more immediately useful to the economy. This left German
theoretical physicists out in the cold–they no longer received
funding from their government, and they knew better than to accept
aid from still wary foreigners. Popular opinion didn't help matters.
Much of the public saw that science and technology were the causes
of the overproduction that was plaguing the company, and they weren't
about to feel pity for the cause of their own misery.
Realizing no one was left to help them, the scientists,
led by Planck, saved themselves. In 1920, they created a new organization, the
Notgemeinschaft der deutschen Wissenschaft, or Emergency Society
for Science and Scholarship, to raise money for scientific research.
Planck served on the executive committee and chaired the Electrophysics
Committee, which made him responsible for handing out grants to
German physicists. Planck saw this as his chance to support German
theoretical physics, which he felt was the most important of the
sciences and the one most likely to elevate the scientific community's
reputation both inside Germany and out. He offered funds to those
scientists whose work he felt was most promising and most significant,
and history proved his decisions correct. The beneficiaries of
these grants became leaders in the new field of quantum physics,
offering undeniable evidence that German physics was still at the
top of its game.
