Introduction
Aggregate demand tells the quantity of goods and services demanded in an
economy at a given price level. In effect, the aggregate demand curve is a
just like any other demand curve, but for the sum total of all goods and
services in an economy. It tells the total amount that all consumers,
businesses, and the government are willing to spend on goods and services at
different price levels.
The aggregate demand curve can be thought of just like a demand curve for a
firm. When the price level is high, aggregate demand is low; when the price
level is low, aggregate demand is high. The aggregate demand curve lies in a
plane consisting of the price level and income or output. It shows a
downward slope with price level on the vertical axis and income or output on the
horizontal axis. As such, the aggregate demand curve outlines the relationship
between income or output and the price level. It is important to notice that
aggregate demand is a schedule because as the price level changes, the income or
output also changes.
There are four major components of aggregate demand. The equation for aggregate
demand, Y = C(Y - T) + I(r) + G + NX(e), tells much about the nature of both
aggregate demand and the curve that represents this schedule.
Components of aggregate demand
The equation for aggregate demand proposed by the Mundell-Fleming model of a
large open economy is Y = C(Y - T) + I(r) + G + NX(e). Y represents income or
output. C(Y - T) represents consumption as a function of disposable income,
defined as income less taxes. I(r) represents investment as a function of the
interest rate, where an increase in the interest rate decreases investment. G
represents government spending, which is predominately unaffected by interest
rates. Finally, NX(e) represents net exports, defined as exports less imports
as a function of the real exchange rate, where an increase in the real
exchange rate decreases net exports. Understanding the details of each
component of aggregate demand is an important first step toward understanding
aggregate demand.
The first piece of the aggregate demand equation is Y. This represents output
or income. Because Y is the total amount of goods and services purchased by
consumers, businesses, and the government, taking into account foreign trade, it
is necessarily the output for the economy. This number is also the gross
domestic product of an economy. Because every unit of output within an economy
turns into income for members of the economy, it is reasonable to call output
income. More specifically, the output of an economy is the national income
for the economy. The per capita income is the national income for the economy
divided by the population. This number is useful for comparing the standard of
living across countries. All of this information directly results from the
aggregate demand equation.
The second piece of the aggregate demand equation is C(Y - T). This signifies
that consumption is a function of disposable income. Disposable income is
the money that consumers have left to spend after taxes. The function for
consumption is aggregated across all consumers and thus is applicable for all
incomes and tax brackets. Consumption captures spending by households on goods
and services. Examples include purchasing food, movie tickets, and vacations.
