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Income distribution is the smoothness or equality with which income is dealt
out among members of a society. If everyone earns exactly the same amount of
money, then the income distribution is perfectly equal. If no one earns any
money except for one person, who earns all of the money, then the income
distribution is perfectly unequal. Usually, however, a society's income
distribution falls somewhere in the middle between equal and unequal.
How do we measure this degree of equality or inequality? Economists often
measure income equality by measuring how much income is earned by different
segments of the population. For instance, if we break down all workers into
five segments in terms of how much money they make: the top 20%, the second 20%,
the third 20%, the fourth 20%, and the bottom 20%, and we obtain data on how
much money they make, we can then create a chart detailing how much income each
segment earns out of the total amount of income for all workers. The bigger the
difference between the different segments, the greater the income inequality.
Let's say that the average incomes for five segments in a society are $10,000,
$24,000, $50,000, $80,000, and $110,000. In order to look at income
distribution, we need to see what percentage of total income each segment
makes, rather than the actual amount of money each makes. Since each of the
segments is equal in size, we don't need to worry about weighting the average
incomes, and can do a straightforward part-over-whole calculation of each
segment's earnings.
For total income we will use the sum of the five average incomes:
Total Income = 10000 + 24000 + 50000 + 80000 + 110000
Total Income = 274000
Next we find the percentage of total income that each segment of the population
earns, by dividing their income by the total income:
What these figures indicate is that the bottom fifth of the population gets less
than 4% of the total income, while the top fifth of the population gets over 40%
of the total income, indicating a large degree of income inequality.
Economists also look at cumulative figures for income distribution. To do this,
simply add the percentages together at each level, giving the amount of income
earned by all people at or below a certain level. In our example, it
would work as follows:
Note that the total cumulative percentage, which should be equal to 100%, since
it represents the total income earned by all workers, is only 99.9%. This
sometimes happens due to rounding of numbers.
These two figures, percentage and cumulative percentage, are usually placed in a
table for easier reading:
Figure %: Income Distribution Table
Lorenz Curves and Gini Coefficients
While the data of percentage and cumulative percentage can provide a rough idea
of how equal or unequal income distribution is, sometimes it is easier to see
how they line up on a graph, so that we can get a visual sense of income
equality. To do this, plot out how much each of the population segments earns
(cumulatively), and compare the resulting curve to a perfectly equal income
distribution, which would be a straight-line graph:
Figure %: Lorenz curve
This type of graph, showing income distribution among population segments, is
called a Lorenz curve. Using the Lorenz curve, we can also generate a
numerical representation of income equality called the Gini coefficient.
The Gini coefficient, which ranges between 0 and 1, is equal to the area between
the actual and equal distribution curves divided by the total area under the
equal distribution curve. In the figure above, the Gini coefficient is equal to
the area of A divided by the area of (A + B). The greater the Gini coefficient,
the greater the degree of income inequality. A perfectly equal income
distribution will have a Gini coefficient of 0, while a perfectly unequal
distribution will have a Gini coefficient of 1.
Income Mobility
Another factor to consider when studying the degree of inequality in a society
is the amount of income mobility. Income mobility refers to the ease with
which workers can move up and down in the hierarchy of earning power. If the
rich always stay rich and the poor always stay poor, then an unequal income
distribution is a permanent and serious problem. If workers easily shift from
middle class to upper class or from lower class to middle class, however, then
the degree of inequality becomes less serious, since the inequality is fluid and
temporary (on an individual basis).
