Great wonder grew in hall
At his hue most strange to see,
For man and gear and all
Were green as green could be.
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Summary
The poem opens with a mythological account of Britain’s
founding. After the fall of Troy, we are told, various heroes left
to build cities. Romulus founded Rome, Ticius founded Tuscany, and
Brutus founded Britain. The author introduces Britain’s greatest
leader, the legendary King Arthur. This brief introduction ends
with the poet telling us he will relate a story he heard told in
a hall about a great Arthurian adventure.
The story begins at Christmastime at King Arthur’s court
in Camelot. The knights of the Round Table join Arthur in the holiday celebrations,
and Queen Guinevere presides in their midst. The lords and ladies
of Camelot have been feasting for fifteen days, and now it is New
Year’s Day. Everyone participates in New Year’s games, exchanging
gifts and kisses. When the evening’s feast is about to be served,
Arthur introduces a new game: he refuses to eat his dinner until
he has heard a marvelous story.
While the lords and ladies feast, with Arthur’s nephew
Gawain and Guinevere sitting together in the place of privilege
at the high table, Arthur continues to wait for his marvel. As if
in answer to Arthur’s request, an unknown knight suddenly enters
the hall on horseback. The gigantic knight has a beautiful face
and figure. Every piece of his elaborate costume is green, with
flourishes of gold embossing. His huge horse is green, and his green
hair and beard are woven together with gold thread. He holds a holly
bob in one hand and a huge green and gold axe in the other.
Without introducing himself, the knight demands to see
the person in charge. His question meets dead silence—the stunned
lords and ladies stare at him silently, waiting for Arthur to respond. Arthur
steps forward, inviting the knight to join the feast and tell his tale
after he has dismounted from his horse. The knight refuses the invitation,
remaining mounted and explaining that he has come to inspect Arthur’s
court because he has heard so much about its superior knights. He
claims to come in peace, but he demands to be indulged in a game.
Arthur assumes the knight refers to some kind of combat and promises
him a fight. However, the knight explains that he has no interest
in fighting with such young and puny knights. Instead, he wants
to play a game in which someone will strike him with his own axe,
on the understanding that he gets to return the blow in exactly
a year and a day.
The strange conditions of the game shock the court into
silence once again. The Green Knight begins to question the reputation
of Arthur’s followers, claiming that their failure to respond proves them
cowards. Arthur blushes and steps forth defend his court, but just
as he begins to swing the giant axe at the unfazed Green Knight, Gawain
stands up and requests that he be allowed to take the challenge
himself. The king agrees, and Gawain recites the terms of the game
to show the Green Knight that he understands the pact he has undertaken.
The Green Knight dismounts and bends down toward the ground, exposing
his neck. Gawain lifts the axe, and in one stroke he severs the
Green Knight’s head. Blood spurts from the wound, and the head rolls
around the room, passing by the feet of many of the guests. However,
the Green Knight does not fall from his horse. He reaches down,
picks up the head, and holds it before him, pointing it toward the
high table. The head speaks, reiterating the terms of Gawain’s promise.
The Green Knight rides out of the hall, sparks flying from his horse’s
hooves. Arthur and Gawain decide to hang the axe above the main
dais. They then return to their feast and the continuing festivities.
Analysis
By framing the central plot of Sir Gawain and
the Green Knight with an account of Britain’s founding
by the Trojan Brutus, the poet establishes Camelot’s political legitimacy.
He also links his own story with classical epics such as Virgil’s
Aeneid, thereby creating a literary connection to the ancient world.
In the second stanza, the poet claims that he heard the original
story of Sir Gawain recited “in hall” (31),
but also that it was “linked in measures meetly / By letters tried
and true” (that is, it appeared in written format) (35–36).
Iin addition to giving his poem both political and literary roots,
the poet gives his poem both an oral and a written history, all
in two brief stanzas.
