Summary — Chapter 7: Journey to the Cross-Roads
Faramir bids farewell to Frodo and Sam as the hobbits
continue their journey into Mordor. He warns them to beware of the
territory nearby, and never to drink from any of the waters flowing
out of Imlad Morgul, the Valley of Living Death. Faramir presents
Frodo and Sam with packed food for their journey, as well as staves
to support them in their fatigue. Gollum is brought out of captivity,
and all three are blindfolded as they are taken out of Faramir’s
hideaway.
As the journey continues, Gollum reports that the area
is dangerous and full of watching eyes. Frodo asks whether a dark
shape in the distance is the valley of Morgul. Gollum answers that
it is indeed the valley, and says that they must move quickly to
a place called the Cross-roads.
One night, Frodo and Sam awaken to find Gollum gone. Sam expresses
relief that they are finally free of him, but Frodo reminds him
of the help Gollum has given them in the past. Sam is suspicious, believing
Gollum to be capable of tricks. Meanwhile, the atmosphere is changing;
the daylight is somewhat dark and the air feels heavy and warm.
One afternoon, Gollum wakes Frodo and Sam with an urgent entreaty
to get moving as soon as possible. He directs them eastward, up
a slope to the Southward Road, which leads to the place he calls
the Cross-roads. Gollum asserts that this is the only way to go.
As they proceed toward the Southward Road, they spot a headless
statue of one of the ancient kings of Gondor, now desecrated with
graffiti. Sam finds the head lying nearby, a crown of golden flowers
growing on it. Frodo comments that the forces of the evil Sauron
cannot hold sway forever in the realm.
Summary — Chapter 8: The Stairs of Cirith Ungol
Gollum draws Sam and Frodo away from their rapt contemplation of
the statue, telling them that time is short. He guides them along the
Southward Road until they reach the valley of Minas Morgul. All
three are momentarily transfixed by the sight of the Tower of the Moon
rising in the distance, but Gollum finally urges them onward again.
The way is hard, and the land is full of a horrid stench that makes
it hard for the hobbits to breathe. Frodo begs for a moment’s rest,
but Gollum and Sam insist on continuing. As they start moving again,
Minas Morgul erupts in a deafening thunder, and troops appear. Frodo
sees a great mass of cavalrymen all dressed in sable, guided by
a horseman whom Frodo identifies as the Lord of the Nazgûl.
Suddenly, the horseman stops, and Frodo fears that he
has spotted them. Frodo stands still, but almost against his will
his hand moves toward the Ring hanging on his neck, which would
give him the strength needed to confront the Lord of the Nazgûl.
Frodo also touches the phial of Galadriel, which he had forgotten.
Luckily, the Ringwraith ends his watchful pause and continues on
his way.
Frodo remains extremely distressed, however. He fears
that he has taken too long to reach Mordor and that it is too late
to fulfill his mission of destroying the Ring. Gollum, however,
urges the hobbits steadily onward, up an interminable set of stairs.
Frodo becomes dizzy and feels that he cannot go on, but Gollum forces
them to continue. Frodo looks down and sees that they are above
Minas Morgul.
After what seems like miles uphill on the stairs of Cirith
Ungol, as the twisting mountain is called, Gollum leads Frodo and
Sam into a dark crevice to rest. They discuss the question of whether
there is water at these heights and whether it is drinkable. The
two hobbits fall into a discussion of the old songs and prophecies,
wondering whether they themselves will become characters in future
songs, sung by their own children perhaps.
Frodo and Sam also talk about how trustworthy Gollum is. Frodo
asserts that no matter how selfish Gollum may be, he is no friend
of the Orcs, and therefore may be considered a reliable guide. One
night, Sam awakens to find Gollum caressing the sleeping Frodo.
Sam accuses Gollum of sneaking around in the dark. Gollum is offended,
saying he was not sneaking. Frodo wakes and settles the argument,
telling Gollum he is free to go off by himself if he wishes. Gollum
affirms that he must guide the hobbits to the end.
Analysis — Chapters 7–8
The headless, graffiti-covered statue the hobbits discover
on the way to Mordor is an example of the poetic moments that are
sprinkled throughout The Lord of the Rings. The
statue has no importance whatsoever to the plot, and Frodo and Sam
learn nothing they need to know from it. They simply see the statue
and continue on their journey. Yet the statue nevertheless has an
aura of deep meaning, not only for the hobbits, who pay it such
rapt attention that Gollum must drag them away, but for us as well.
The broken statue of an ancient king of Gondor may be Tolkien’s
reference to the poem “Ozymandias” by Percy Bysshe Shelley, one
of the most prominent figures in the Romantic movement in English
poetry in the early nineteenth century. Tolkien, a professor of
Anglo-Saxon literature at Oxford, was certainly familiar with the
poem, which tells of a wanderer in the desert who comes upon the
beheaded statue of a once-great Egyptian king now forgotten. Shelley’s
poem is a meditation on how worldly power vanishes with time, and
how the mighty are fallen. In this regard, the headless statue is
a fitting symbol of the kingdom of Gondor, where wicked usurpers
have replaced the once-powerful noble lords.
The Cross-roads to which Gollum leads the hobbits may
be another sly literary reference on Tolkien’s part. As the word
cross-roads suggests, Gollum is leading the hobbits to a place where
one thing will meet another, where an encounter will take place.
Indeed, Frodo does have an encounter of sorts, with the Lord of
the Nazgûl—the embodiment of all against which Frodo and the Fellowship
have been fighting against. In literature, the concept of the crossroads
has another meaning as well, relating not to other people, but to
oneself. It is on a crossroads that Oedipus, perhaps the most famous
Greek tragic hero, kills a stranger who turns out to be his father.
Later, as king of Thebes, Oedipus strives to identify the killer,
and is horrified to learn that it is none other than himself—a revelation
that leads him to misery and exile. Oedipus’s experience at the
crossroads teaches him the power of fate, the fact that no one can
escape responsibility for his or her actions. Frodo has a similar revelation
at the Cross-roads in the novel, when, in his fear of the Lord of
the Nazgûl, he finds himself reaching for the Ring. Frodo has not
felt the Ring’s pull or been tempted to put it on for quite some
time in the journey. For the first time in a long while, he confronts
his own power, which could prove dangerous as he gets ever closer
to Mordor.
The importance of songs and singing resurfaces again in
Chapter 8 in an interesting new way, as Sam
and Frodo explicitly speculate that their own quest might someday
be the subject of songs. Songs have been sung in the novel frequently,
never as mere entertainment but as a record of historical or prophetic
knowledge. Tolkien knew from his study of ancient cultures that
before the invention of writing, cultures maintained their traditions
and myths through the oral performance of their sacred stories.
Such deeply important cultural communication was passed on through
songs and poems rather than through manuscripts. Gandalf reminds
us of this role of oral storytelling when he gives Legolas and Aragorn
important messages about their fates by reciting bits of poetry
to them in Chapter 5. Here, Sam and Frodo
discuss the cultural importance of songs, but they do so with the
awareness that they themselves might be characters in songs sung
by their own offspring. This speculation on the hobbits’ part is
a key moment that makes us realize that The Lord of the
Rings is itself a chronicle, just like the songs of Middle-earth, and
that the characters realize that they might themselves end up in a
narrative very much like the one we are reading.
We see an intriguing aspect of Gollum when Sam awakens
to find the creature caressing Frodo with the appearance of love
and affection. It is no surprise that Sam views Gollum’s action
with suspicion, and accuses Gollum of “sneaking” around his master.
What is surprising instead is that Gollum really does appear innocent.
We have been so used to viewing the creature with uncertainty, doubting
his loyalty to the hobbits he is serving, that it is a shock to
encounter the possibility that he may genuinely care for Frodo.
Of course, we find out later that Gollum plans to kill the hobbits,
but in the world of the Ring, it is no surprise that murder and
affection can go hand in hand. For the moment, at least, Gollum
seems truly fond of the master whom he leads to death.
payment page
