Suggestions
Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select.Please wait while we process your payment
If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. Sometimes it can end up there.
If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. Sometimes it can end up there.
Please wait while we process your payment
By signing up you agree to our terms and privacy policy.
Don’t have an account? Subscribe now
Create Your Account
Sign up for your FREE 7-day trial
Already have an account? Log in
Your Email
Choose Your Plan
Save over 50% with a SparkNotes PLUS Annual Plan!
Purchasing SparkNotes PLUS for a group?
Get Annual Plans at a discount when you buy 2 or more!
Price
$24.99 $18.74 /subscription + tax
Subtotal $37.48 + tax
Save 25% on 2-49 accounts
Save 30% on 50-99 accounts
Want 100 or more? Contact us for a customized plan.
Your Plan
Payment Details
Payment Summary
SparkNotes Plus
You'll be billed after your free trial ends.
7-Day Free Trial
Not Applicable
Renews June 16, 2023 June 9, 2023
Discounts (applied to next billing)
DUE NOW
US $0.00
SNPLUSROCKS20 | 20% Discount
This is not a valid promo code.
Discount Code (one code per order)
SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4.99/month or $24.99/year as selected above. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. You may cancel your subscription on your Subscription and Billing page or contact Customer Support at custserv@bn.com. Your subscription will continue automatically once the free trial period is over. Free trial is available to new customers only.
Choose Your Plan
For the next 7 days, you'll have access to awesome PLUS stuff like AP English test prep, No Fear Shakespeare translations and audio, a note-taking tool, personalized dashboard, & much more!
You’ve successfully purchased a group discount. Your group members can use the joining link below to redeem their group membership. You'll also receive an email with the link.
Members will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership.
Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! Continue to start your free trial.
Please wait while we process your payment
Your PLUS subscription has expired
Please wait while we process your payment
Please wait while we process your payment
The Average Value of a Property A is the value expected if the measurement were taken on every system in the ensemble and averaged, and is written as < A >.
A system that maintains a constant number of particles, constant energy, constant volume, and is free from any change in influences external to the system, such as an oscillating magnetic field.
Conventional is a term applied to variables in common uses in the natural sciences and chemistry, but which in turn are defined in relation to their fundamental counterparts. We use the term to apply to T and S, the conventional temperature and entropy. Compare to fundamental.
A collection of isolated systems, all of which are identical to each other.
Entropy, represented by σ, is a variable that describes the randomness of a system and is defined by σ(N, U)âÉálog g(N, U).
Fundamental is a term applied to a variable to indicate that it is naturally defined. We use the term to apply to σ and τ, the entropy and temperature. Compare to conventional.
The Fundamental Assumption states that any closed system has an equal probability to be in any of its possible quantum states.
The 4 Laws of Thermodynamics are postulates upon which the study of thermodynamics historically rested. They exist in numerous formulations that at times appear unrelated to each other, but can be better understood from a statistical approach.
The Multiplicity Function g(N, U) yields the number of states with the same values of N and U.
The minimal collection of information about a system that is maximally informative.
Temperature, represented by τ, is a variable that describes the
thermal agitation of a system and is defined by
=
.
Please wait while we process your payment