Political participation is any activity that shapes, affects, or
involves the political sphere. Political participation ranges from voting to
attending a rally to committing an act of terrorism to sending a letter to a
representative. Broadly speaking, there are three types of participation:
-
Conventional participation: Activities that we expect of good
citizens. For most people, participation occurs every few years at election
time. People strongly committed to politics are more likely to participate on a
regular basis.
Example: Conventional political participation includes
voting, volunteering for a political campaign, making a campaign
donation, belonging to activist groups, and serving in public office.
-
Unconventional participation: Activities that are legal but
often considered inappropriate. Young people, students, and those with grave
concerns about a regime’s policies are most likely to engage in unconventional
participation.
Example: Unconventional political participation includes
signing petitions, supporting boycotts, and staging demonstrations and
protests.
-
Illegal participation: activities that break the law. Most of
the time, people resort to illegal participation only when legal means have
failed to create significant political change.
Example: Illegal
political participation includes political assassination, terrorism, and
sabotaging an opponent’s campaign through theft or
vandalism.
Why People Participate
Most democratic citizens feel that some level of political participation,
particularly conventional participation, is admirable and acceptable. But
political participation can be hard: One must find time, and perhaps money, in
order to participate. So why do people do it? People participate in politics out
of a sense of the following:
-
Idealism: Some participate because they believe strongly
in a particular idea.
-
Responsibility: For many, participation is a
responsibility of democratic citizenship.
-
Self-interest: A person might work to promote issues and
causes that personally profit that person.
-
Enjoyment: Some simply enjoy public activity, either
because of the activity itself or because of the friends they make while
politically engaged.
The Paradox of Participation
Rational choice theorists have argued that participation, particularly
voting, is irrational. In a large country, the probability that one’s vote will
decide the outcome of an election is microscopic. Because participation has
costs (time to vote, effort to learn about the candidates and issues, and so
on), the costs of voting outweigh the benefits. In other words, voting does not
make sense for people as an activity. Another way to think about this issue is
to consider the person who votes because he or she desires to have an impact on
the government. If he or she votes out of a sense that the one vote will make a
difference, then this person will be sorely disappointed. The truth is that one
vote does not make a difference. At the same time, however, if everyone who
votes ceased to believe in the power of voting to effect change, then no one
would turn out for elections and the democratic process would stop functioning.
Political scientists call this phenomenon the paradox of participation.
Nonparticipation
In some countries, large parts of the population do not participate in
politics at all. In the United States, for example, only about half of all
eligible people vote in presidential elections. Such nonparticipation signifies
a number of attitudes:
-
Contentment: Lack of participation indicates satisfaction
with the status quo—if they were upset about an issue, people would
participate.
-
Freedom: In a democratic society, people have the freedom
to not participate.
-
Apathy: Many people do not know much about politics and
do not care.
-
Alienation: People do not participate because they feel
that no one in power listens to their views and that the government is, at
best, indifferent to them.
