Summary
Washington arrived in Massachusetts in July of 1775, ready
to take command of the Continental Army. Unfortunately, there was
no army. He found instead a pack of unruly farmers and tradesmen who
ate too much and trained too little. He doubted he could ever win
a battle with them. Still worse, the soldiers had enlisted for
only a six-month term; by the time Washington could have trained
them, they would be going home. Though Washington believed that
war was inevitable, some members of the Continental Congress held
out hope for a peaceful settlement with Britain. As a result they
were reluctant to give Washington's army very much money. Washington would
spend the entire war trying to get money, supplies, and troops
from the Congress, which at times proved a larger obstacle than
the British Army.
Despite these handicaps, Washington trained his army.
His first goal was to drive the British from Boston. A direct attack
was out of the question, though Washington considered the idea.
Finally, he was able to acquire large cannons, which he placed
on a hilltop overlooking the city. Unwilling to fight against these
cannons, the British withdrew. The Continental Army claimed a victory,
but in reality the British left by choice; they knew that Boston
was too far north to be a useful center of command. They headed
for New York instead.
Washington marched his troops to New York, ready to defend the
city. This was an impossible task, since, surrounded by water, New
York was vulnerable to Britain's powerful navy. The British Army
was also very powerful. It was commanded by General William Howe.
He was not eager to kill American soldiers. He sympathized with
American grievances and hope dto settle things peacefully, but
he had orders from Parliament to punish the rebels. General Howe's
troops landed on Long Island in late August. Washington tried to
repel the invaders but was forced to retreat to Manhattan and then
to White Plains, north of New York. Though it was a major defeat
for the Americans, Washington's careful retreat preserved his army
and outfoxed the British.
British advances forced Washington to continue retreating.
He headed west to New Jersey, then crossed the Delaware River into Pennsylvania.
It was now December. His troops were tired and dispirited, and
his supplies were running low. Worse still, the term of enlistment
for most of his soldiers was about to expire. The war seemed about
to fail. Then Washington made what may have been the most brilliant
move of the entire war. At midnight, December 25, Washington and
his troops silently re-crossed the icy Delaware River and surprised
a regiment of Hessian mercenaries camped near Trenton. In short
order his army had captured over a thousand bewildered Hessians
with few casualties among the Americans. Washington's army then
fought its way to Morristown, New Jersey, which had been a British
stronghold. His victories forced the British to give up New Jersey
altogether and return to New York.
Both armies waited out the winter. The following autumn
they clashed in the Battles of Germantown and Brandywine Creek.
The Americans lost both battles, but Washington's effectiveness
against the British was starting to catch the attention of France.
During the summer, the Marquis de Lafayette, a 17-year-old French
aristocrat, arrived in America determined to help the cause. Washington
made him a general, and Lafayette became like a son to Washington.
Despite its successes against the British and the prospect
of French aid, the Continental Army was in bad shape. For the winter of
1777 it retreated to Valley Forge, near Philadelphia, where it endured
legendary hardship. One in four troops died that winter from starvation
and cold. Washington struggled constantly with the Continental
Congress for more supplies, but he had little success. Not surprisingly,
the soldiers were losing faith in the Congress even as they gained
faith in Washington. Though they suffered, the army emerged from
Valley Forge tougher and better trained than ever before. It next
clashed with the British, now commanded by Sir Henry Clinton, at
Monmouth Court House in New Jersey. The battle was a draw, but
it proved the Americans were holding their own.
