The three years after his wife's death were a time of
struggle against what Gandhi saw as an impending catastrophe–the
partition of India. As World War
II wound to an end, Jinnah was pushing for an independent
Muslim state, a "Pakistan," an idea that Gandhi found utterly unacceptable.
The Muslim population was concentrated in the northwest and extreme
east of India, but there was no clear line of demarcation, and
Hindus and Muslims lived side by side in most regions. In a series
of long, impassioned exchanges with Jinnah in 1944 and '45, both
in person and by letter, Gandhi argued that partition would inevitably
lead to violence and forced migration. But Jinnah held firm.
In 1945 Churchill lost the British elections and the left-wing Labour
party came to power, determined to push Indian independence through
and rid themselves of a subcontinent that had become ungovernable.
Meanwhile, new elections were held in India for the provincial
legislatures, appointing Muslim League representatives from Muslim-heavy
districts, and Congress Party representatives everywhere else.
The political debate was increasingly polarized, and to Gandhi's
despair the gulf was not between British and Indians anymore, but
between Indians. Amid the wrangling, the British pushed ahead:
a Cabinet Mission was appointed, and in May 1946 it published its
proposal for an Indian state. Taking into account the Muslim League's
demands, it nevertheless advised against partition, which would
leave large minorities on either side of any boundary. Instead,
it proposed a federal system in which any vote on a religious issue
would require a majority of both Hindus and Muslims. To the Englishmen
who wrote it, it seemed a sensible compromise.
Gandhi was uncertain about the Cabinet Mission's report,
but events were now unfolding too rapidly for him to control.
A provisional government was being formed to pave the way for a
transition to independence, but Jinnah and the Muslim League would have
no part in it, and when Nehru became the provisional government's
leader, the Muslims treated his inauguration as an occasion for
mourning. Religious riots broke out in Calcutta; arriving there by
train, Gandhi used Calcutta as his point of departure for what would
be his last walk through rural villages, preaching compassion and
brotherhood to a largely Muslim population. People came by the
thousands to hear him speak–but even as he made this pilgrimage,
political events were outpacing him. The Labour government was
eager to get India off its hands, and it dispatched Lord Mountbatten,
a skillful diplomat, as the last Viceroy of India. Arriving in
March of 1947 and charged with the task of bringing about independence
within a year, Mountbatten summoned Gandhi away from his peasant
mission to meet with Jinnah in Delhi.
The meeting was fruitless. Jinnah was obdurate, and the
Congress leaders, led by Nehru, accepted partition as the price
of independence. Mountbatten turned down Jinnah's more extreme demands,
and under his mediation a Pakistani-Indian border was established
that would cut right through western and eastern India, leaving
the Punjab (present-day Pakistan) and Bengal (present-day Bangladesh)
as East and West Pakistan. Gandhi was heartbroken, but India was
independent–a fact that became official on August 15, 1947.
Disaster followed. Violence swept the country as Hindus
and Muslims killed one another in terrible numbers, or fled across
the newly created borders, seeking safety in India or Pakistan,
depending upon their religion. The numbers of dead will never
be known exactly–thousands died, certainly, and perhaps even millions,
while nearly fifteen million people were forced from their homes.
It was torment for Gandhi, who felt that no one had listened to
him, that India had learned nothing from all the years he had spent
teaching nonviolence and brotherhood.
His influence was still great: his Independence-Day pledge
to fast until violence in Calcutta ceased brought an end to the
riots in three days. But he could not sway an entire nation gone
mad with violence. He tried, going first to Delhi, then to the
Punjab, and back to Delhi, where on January 13, he began another
fast "unto death," or until there was peace in Delhi. This fast
lasted five days, until Muslim and Hindu leaders promised to make
peace, and afterward Gandhi spent his time recuperating, hoping
to return to the Punjab before long. It was not to be–on the evening
of Friday, January 30, he was in his garden when a Hindu nationalist
named Nathuram Vinayuk Godse came up to him, and, after receiving
a blessing from the Mahatma, shot him dead.
