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President John Adams's 1798 policy of censorship and the crackdown on pro-French sentiment which mobilized a great deal of Democratic-Republican opposition to his Administration. James Madison led the Virginia opposition to the policy in 1798 and 1799.
1788 delegation of political leaders from throughout the thirteen American states which was responsible for the drafting of the U.S. Constitution and refining it to the form which was sent out to be ratified by the governments of the several states. James Madison was the leading figure at this Convention, which adopted his Virginia Plan as its working model for the new American government.
1807 act, urged along by Thomas Jefferson's Secretary of State, James Madison, which cut off American foreign commerce in response to repeated British acts of aggression against U.S. trading ships.
Great revolution against the monarchy and Church in France which began in 1789 and continued in several stages through the following decade, including drawn- out periods of war between the French Republic and Great Britain. It was ideologically radical in a way which distinguished it from its American counterpart of the decade before, and was an encouragement to heated American ideological battles between pro-British Federalists and pro-French Democratic- Republicans such as James Madison.
1803 purchase from Napoleon's France of the great tract of land known as Louisiana, which stretched from New Orleans at the Mississippi delta all the way to the Pacific northwest. It virtually doubled the size of the United States, and gave control of the Mississippi River to the Americans. James Madison, then Secretary of State for Thomas Jefferson, directed the purchase from the State Department.
Decision of the U.S. Supreme Court that established the policy of judicial review of the other branches of the government. James Madison, representing Thomas Jefferson's Executive branch, lost the decision to William Marbury, who had sued the Secretary of State for his right to a judicial commission.
President George Washington's 1793 policy of neutrality between the warring parties of Great Britain and the revolutionary French Republic. The policy angered pro-French Democratic-Republicans such as James Madison.
1798 resolutions drafted by James Madison and passed in the Virginia assembly which denounced President Adams's Alien and Sedition Acts and claimed a right for the several states of the union "to interpose for arresting the progress of evil" in the federal government, asserting a principle of states' rights.
War fought between the United States and Great Britain mainly over the issue of British domination and aggression against American commercial vessels and sailors on the high seas. The most memorable event of the war was, perhaps, the invasion and burning of Washington, D.C., by the British Navy. The Americans suffered many defeats early in the war but had turned their effort around by 1814. The Treaty of Ghent, signed Christmas Eve, 1814, marked America's victory in the conflict.
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