full title · Flowers for Algernon
author · Daniel Keyes
type of work · Novel
genre · Science fiction
language · English
time and place written · Original short story written in 1959,
in New York City; expanded novel version written from 1962 to 1965 in
New York and Ohio.
date of first publication · Short story published in 1959;
expanded novel form first published in 1966
publisher · Harcourt Brace Jovanovich
narrator · Charlie Gordon, a mentally disabled man who undergoes experimental
surgery to increase his intelligence
point of view · The novel is told in the form of first-person “progress
reports” Charlie keeps throughout the course of the experiment. Everything
is filtered through Charlie’s mind, the capacities of which change
drastically over the course of the novel, as Charlie’s IQ triples
and then plummets back to its original level.
tone · The tone of the novel varies with Charlie’s mental
acuity. Sometimes, however—particularly when Charlie is writing
as a retarded man at the beginning and end of the novel—
Keyes allows him to provide hints in his narration that allow
us to grasp the significance of events that Charlie cannot himself understand.
tense · Past; Charlie is always writing about the days he has
just lived through. Charlie experiences numerous flashbacks to his childhood,
which are usually narrated in the present tense.
setting (time) · There are no direct references to time period in the
novel, but we can assume the events take place around the time the
novel was written, the mid-1960s.
setting (place) · New York City; one chapter takes place in Chicago
protagonist · Charlie Gordon
major conflict · Charlie struggles to reach emotional maturity and feel
like a whole person before his skyrocketing intelligence reverses
course and returns him to his initial mentally disabled state.
rising action · Dr. Strauss performs an experimental surgery on Charlie
that catapults his intelligence to genius levels; Charlie falls
in love with Alice but finds he is unable to consummate their relationship
because he feels unresolved childhood shame about his sexuality.
climax · Charlie asserts his independence by running away from
the scientists who are observing him; Alice tells Charlie that his
work at the laboratory is more important than his relationship with Fay;
Charlie realizes in this moment that he can no longer run from his
fate or the seriousness of his emotional journey.
falling action · Charlie discovers the flaw in Nemur’s hypothesis that
proves that he will soon lose his intelligence; Charlie locates
his mother and sister and is able to find forgive them for how they
treated him as a child; Charlie has a brief, fulfilling romantic
affair with Alice; Charlie returns to his original mentally retarded
state and checks himself into the Warren State Home.
themes · Mistreatment of the mentally disabled; the tension
between intellect and emotion; the persistence of the past in the
present
motifs · Changes in grammar, spelling, and punctuation; flashbacks;
the scientific method
symbols · Algernon; Adam and Eve and the tree of knowledge;
the window
foreshadowing · Professor Nemur tells Charlie at the outset of the
experiment that his gains in intelligence may not be permanent,
which turns out to be the case. Later, Charlie has a memory of his
young sister, Norma, obnoxiously threatening to lose her own intelligence, another
reference to Charlie’s eventual downfall. Finally, Algernon’s decline,
beginning in Progress Report 13, is a reliable predictor
of Charlie’s impending deterioration.
