full title · Beowulf
author · Unknown
type of work · Poem
genre · Alliterative verse; elegy; resembles heroic epic, though
smaller in scope than most classical epics
language · Anglo-Saxon (also called Old English)
time and place written · Estimates of the date of composition range between 700 and 1000 a.d.; written
in England
date of first publication · The only manuscript in which Beowulf is preserved is
thought to have been written around 1000 a.d.
publisher · The original poem exists only in manuscript form.
narrator · A Christian narrator telling a story of pagan times
point of view · The narrator recounts the story in the third person,
from a generally objective standpoint—detailing the action that
occurs. The narrator does, however, have access to every character’s depths.
We see into the minds of most of the characters (even Grendel) at
one point or another, and the narrative also moves forward and backward
in time with considerable freedom.
tone · The poet is generally enthusiastic about Beowulf’s
feats, but he often surrounds the events he narrates with a sense
of doom.
tense · Past, but with digressions into the distant past and
predictions of the future
setting (time) · The main action of the story is set around 500 a.d.;
the narrative also recounts historical events that happened
much earlier.
setting (place) · Denmark and Geatland (a region in what is now
southern Sweden)
protagonist · Beowulf
major conflict · The poem essentially consists of three parts. There
are three central conflicts: Grendel’s domination of Heorot Hall;
the vengeance of Grendel’s mother after Grendel is slain; and the rage
of the dragon after a thief steals a treasure that it has been guarding.
The poem’s overarching conflict is between
close-knit warrior societies and the various menaces that threaten
their boundaries.
rising action · Grendel’s attack on Heorot, Beowulf’s defeat of Grendel,
and Grendel’s mother’s vengeful killing of Aeschere lead to the climactic
encounter between Beowulf and Grendel’s mother.
climax · Beowulf’s encounter with Grendel’s mother constitutes
the moment at which good and evil are in greatest tension.
falling action · Beowulf’s glorious victory over Grendel’s mother leads
King Hrothgar to praise him as a worthy hero and to advise him about becoming
king. It also helps Beowulf to transform from a brazen warrior into
a reliable king.
themes · The importance of establishing identity; tensions between
the heroic code and other value systems; the difference between
a good warrior and a good king
motifs · Monsters; the oral tradition; the mead-hall
symbols · The golden torque; the banquet
foreshadowing · The funeral of Shield Sheafson, with which the poem
opens, foreshadows Beowulf’s funeral at the poem’s end; the story
of Sigemund told by the scop, or bard, foreshadows Beowulf’s fight with
the dragon; the story of King Heremod foreshadows Beowulf’s eventual
ascendancy to kingship.
