Bottiglia, William F., ed. Voltaire: A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice, 1968.

Crocker, Lester G. An Age of Crisis: Man and World in Eighteenth Century French Thought. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1959.

Keener, Frederick. The Chain of Becoming: The Philosophical Tale, the Novel, and a Neglected Realism of the Enlightenment. New York: Columbia University Press, 1983.

Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von. Essays of Theodicy on the Goodness of God, the Freedom of Man and the Origin of Evil. Trans. F.M. Huggard. Ed. Austin Farrer. London: Routledge, 1952.

Mason, Haydn. Candide: Optimism Demolished. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1992.

Ridgeway, Ronald S. Voltaire and Sensibility. Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, 1973.

Wade, Ira. Voltaire and Candide: A Study in the Fusion of History, Art, and Philosophy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1959.

Worcester, David. The Art of Satire. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1940.

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