Summary
After Joshua’s death, the tribes of Israel continue their
conquest of the southern regions of Canaan, but they are unable
to cleanse the land thoroughly of its native inhabitants. God declares
that these remaining people will be an impediment to Israel’s enjoyment
of the promised land. Generations pass, and the younger Israelites
turn away from God, intermarrying with the Canaanites and worshipping
the local deities. God threatens to abandon Israel because of the
disobedience of the youth, but he selects a series of judges, or
rulers, to act as temporary leaders for the people.
Throughout the lives of these judges, the narrator tells
us, Israel’s behavior follows a consistent pattern: the people of
Israel fall into evil, God sends a leader to save them, and, once
the judge dies, the people commit even greater evil. When the Israelites’
continued worship of the Canaanite gods leads to an invasion by
the nation of Moab, God sends Israel a left-handed man named Ehud
to be its deliverer. Ehud visits the Moabite king and offers to
give the king a secret message from God. When the king dismisses
his attendants, Ehud draws a sword strapped to his right thigh and
plunges it into the obese king, killing him. Ehud escapes and leads
the Israelites in regaining control of the Jordan River valley.
A prophet named Deborah emerges as Israel’s new judge
after Israel returns to evil and is invaded by a mighty army from
the north. Counseling Israel’s tribes under a great tree, she calls
for an insurrection, and, together with God’s help, the Israelites
defeat the king’s 900 chariots, sending the
Canaanite general, Sisera, into retreat. When Sisera seeks refuge
in a local woman’s tent, the owner, Jael, lures Sisera to sleep
and kills him, hammering a peg into his skull. Deborah recounts
the victory in a lengthy song, extolling God as a warrior and herself
as the “mother in Israel” (5:7).
God commissions a humble man, Gideon, to save Israel
from its next invaders, the Midianites, who impoverish and scatter
the people. Gideon tears down his father’s altar to the god Baal,
and the Israelites respond in droves to his call to fight. God demands
fewer men for the battle, and, in a test, Gideon leads the men to
a river to drink. Those who cup their hands to drink are sent home,
and the remaining three hundred men who lap the water with their
tongues are chosen for God’s army. Spying on the enemy troops at
night, Gideon overhears a Midianite soldier tell his friend about
a dream in which a small loaf of bread was able to knock down a
large Midianite tent. The friend interprets the dream as a sign
that Midian will be defeated by Israel. Gideon and his few men surround
the camps, and—with the sound of trumpets and broken jars—the Israelites emit
such a clamorous war cry that the Midianites turn and slay each
other. Israel attempts to make Gideon its king, but Gideon refuses,
proclaiming that God alone is ruler of Israel.
Widespread worship of the god Baal plagues Israel,
and Gideon’s son Abimelech serves a violent three-year reign as
Israel’s king. His tyrannical reign ends when a woman throws a millstone
on Abimelech’s head. Pressured by the Philistines from the east
and the Ammonites from the west, Israel turns from its idol worship
and God selects a new judge, Jephthah, the son of a prostitute,
to challenge the Ammonites. Jephthah promises God that, if he is
victorious, he will sacrifice to God the first thing that comes
out of his house the day he returns from battle. Upon devastating
the Ammonites, Jephthah returns home to see his daughter emerge
from his house, dancing, to greet him. Jephthah laments his promise,
but his daughter encourages him to remain faithful to God, and Jephthah
kills the virgin girl.
The Philistines continue to oppress Israel, and the angel
of God appears to a childless Israelite couple, promising them a
son who will become Israel’s next deliverer. The couple raises their
son, Samson, as a Nazirite—a person who symbolizes his devotion
to God by never cutting his hair. God blesses Samson with exceptional
abilities, and one day Samson kills a lion with his bare hands.
Contrary to his parents’ urging, Samson chooses a Philistine woman
to be his wife. During the wedding ceremony, he baffles the Philistines
with a riddle, the answer to which they discover only when Samson’s
wife reveals the answer to them. Samson burns with anger and goes home
without his wife, but when he returns to retrieve her, the Philistines
have given her to another man. Samson captures three hundred foxes
and ties torches to each of their tails, setting the Philistine crops
ablaze. When the Philistines pursue Samson, the Israelites hand
him over to his enemies, bound at the wrist. With God’s power, Samson
breaks his bindings and uses the jaw-bone of a donkey to kill a
thousand Philistine men.
Again, Samson falls in love with a Philistine
woman, Delilah. The Philistine officials urge Delilah to discover
the secret of Samson’s strength. Three times, Delilah asks Samson
the source of his power, and Samson lies to her each time, duping
the officials in their attempts to subdue him. After a while, Samson
tells her the truth, informing her that his long hair is the source
of his strength. While Samson is asleep, Delilah has his hair cut
and alerts the officials, who capture him and gouge out his eyes.
In prison, Samson’s hair begins to grow again, and, during a Philistine
religious festival, the blind Samson is brought out to entertain
the crowds. Samson asks his servant to guide him to the pillars
of the arena, and—crying out to God—Samson knocks down the pillars
of the temple, killing the Philistine rulers.
Without a judge, Israel becomes even more corrupt. One
day, a man and his concubine are accosted while spending the night
in the Israelite tribe of Benjamin. When a gang of Benjamite men
demand to have sex with the man, he offers them his concubine instead,
and the men rape her repeatedly throughout the night until she dies. Enraged,
the man brings the concubine home and cuts her into twelve pieces,
sending a piece to each of the twelve tribes of Israel as a symbol
of Israel’s corruption. The rest of Israel rallies together in opposition
to the tribe of Benjamin, and, with God’s help, the united tribes
kill more than 25,000 Benjamites.
Israel grieves for its lost tribe and helps the remaining Benjamites
repopulate their land.
Analysis
Biblical scholars typically group the books of Joshua
and Judges together, noting how well the two works complement each
other. On the one hand, Joshua purports to tell a chronological
history of the Hebrew conquest of Canaan, but the account and the
conquest itself seem too perfect to be accurate. In contrast, Judges
is a compilation of myths about the early years of the Israelite
settlement. While the stories are indeed fanciful, they suggest
a gradual and disjointed occupation of the promised land that is
probably more true to history than the Book of Joshua. While Joshua
provides a methodical description of the various battles and an
explanation of the distribution of land, Judges reveals the stories
that the Israelite conquerors told as they gradually took over.
These individual accounts of Israel’s judges are myths
in the true sense of the word—not because they are false but because
they are important to early Hebrew culture. The central theme of
these myths is heroic struggle, chiefly of marginalized or oppressed
people. The Israelites in the Book of Judges are strangers in a
land they have recently conquered, and they are pressured from all
sides by powerful regimes. Israel’s judges manifest the virtues
of this marginalized status. Jephthah is the son of a prostitute.
The narrator takes pains to note that Ehud is left-handed, and it
is this characteristic that enables Ehud to draw his sword and kill
the Moabite king by surprise. Even more important than Deborah as
a female hero is Jael, who uses the pretense of feminine warmth
to draw a great commander into her tent, comforting him before she
kills him.
The myth of Samson may be more appropriately described
as an epic, because it is a relatively long story concerning the
development of a single, extraordinary hero who, it might be said,
is a metaphor for ancient Israel itself. Samson epitomizes some
interesting dualities—brute nature versus civilized culture, strength
versus weakness, Hebrew versus Philistine. What is unique to this
story and to Judges as a whole, is that, unlike earlier books, the
struggle between these opposing forces does not serve to develop
irony or reversal. For Samson, the line between these distinctions
is blurred. Samson—defined more by his identity as a Nazirite—is
a displaced man, roaming back and forth between his home and Philistine,
falling in love with Philistine women yet terrorizing the Philistines,
and eventually suffering betrayal by the Israelites in return. It
is only when Samson destroys the temple, crying out, “Let me die
with the Philistines!” that Israel is saved through Samson’s service
(16:30). The epic
of Samson shows that Israel’s struggle—and its salvation—consists
less of cleansing foreign influences from the land than of grappling
with those influences while remaining faithful to God.
The stories in Judges are filled with extreme violence.
This violence may cause us to question how God can be good if the
greater part of the tribe of Benjamin is killed to make a religious
point, or if Jephthah must keep his promise to God by killing his
daughter. One answer is that the abundant violence in Israel is
not due to God’s wrath but to Israel’s wickedness. Israel promiscuously
worships other gods and insists on returning to evil despite God’s
help. Another, more subtle answer, is that death in Judges is not
always an absolute evil but is, at times, a thing of beauty. The
tales in Judges begin to develop the notion of sacrifice—the idea
that one person’s death can be meaningful to another person, for
religious or ethical reasons. Samson’s death saves Israel from Philistine
persecution, and Sisera’s death at Jael’s hands is a poignant symbol
of Israel’s victory to be celebrated in song (5:24–30).
The writer tells us that the sacrifice of Jephthah’s virgin daughter
becomes a tradition among the Israelites, an annual celebration
of the story by adolescent girls to symbolize passage from innocence
into womanhood (11:39–40).
