Summary: Chapter XX
The English gather at their club. The ladies feel compassion
for Adela’s suffering and suddenly regret that they were not nicer
to her. As if to make amends, Mrs. Turton stands by the side of
Mrs. Blakiston, a woman she previously snubbed. Mr. Turton calms
the women, who fear for their safety.
Once the women leave, Turton speaks to the men. He tries
to remain fair, though everyone else overreacts about the possibility that
women and children are in danger. One of the men, a drunken soldier,
recommends military presence, but Turton urges everyone to act normally.
The soldier fondly mentions an honorable Indian with whom he played
polo.
Major Callendar arrives to report that Adela is recovered.
He sits with the soldier and tries to bait Fielding. Callendar gossips
that Adela’s servant was bribed to remain outside the caves, that
Godbole, too, was bribed, and that Aziz ordered villagers to suffocate Mrs.
Moore. Callendar loudly alludes to Fielding’s alliance with Aziz,
but Fielding refuses to be provoked. Callendar suggests that troops
be called, but Turton is against using force.
Ronny arrives, and the men stand up and welcome him as
a martyr. Fielding, however, remains seated. The drunken soldier
calls attention to Fielding’s rudeness. Turton confronts Fielding,
who announces that Aziz is innocent. Fielding adds that he will
resign from service in India if Aziz is found guilty, and that he
resigns from the club effective immediately. Turton becomes furious,
but Ronny tells him to let Fielding go.
Summary: Chapter XXI
Riding into Chandrapore, Fielding passes some children
preparing for the celebration of Mohurram (an annual Muslim festival
honoring the grandsons of the prophet Mohammed). Fielding meets
with Aziz’s friends, who have renewed Aziz’s bail request and hired
a famous anti-British lawyer from Calcutta.
Late that night, Fielding has the urge to speak with Godbole,
but the professor is asleep. Godbole slips away to a new job a day
or two later.
Summary: Chapter XXII
Adela, in shock, remains at the McBrydes’. Miss Derek
and Mrs. McBryde treat Adela’s sunburn and pick out the hundreds
of cactus spines stuck in her skin from her run down the hill. Adela’s
emotions swing wildly. She sobs, then tries to logically review
what happened—she entered, started the cave echo by scratching the
wall with her fingernail, then saw a dark shadow move toward her.
She hit at him with her field-glasses, he pulled her around the
cave, then she escaped. She was never touched. Adela still hears
the upsetting echo from the cave. She hopes Mrs. Moore will visit
her and make her feel better.
When Adela’s condition improves, Ronny retrieves her.
McBryde and Ronny inform her that there was a near riot when the
procession of the Mohurram festival attempted to enter the civil
station. They explain to Adela that Das, Ronny’s Indian assistant,
will try her case. McBryde shows Adela a letter from Fielding, which
has been opened. McBryde explains that Fielding has betrayed the English.
Adela skims the letter and reads the line “Dr. Aziz is innocent.”
Ronny takes Adela home. Adela is happy to be reunited
with Mrs. Moore, but Mrs. Moore remains on the couch, withdrawn from
Adela’s advances. Adela tells Mrs. Moore about the echo she has
been hearing, and Mrs. Moore responds knowingly. Adela asks Mrs.
Moore what it is, but the older woman refuses to put it in words,
and she predicts morbidly that Adela will hear it forever.
Mrs. Moore tells Ronny she will leave India sooner than planned.
She will not testify at the trial. She will see her other two children
into marriage, then retreat from the world. Mrs. Moore is sick of
marriage—she sees little difference between love in a church and
love in a cave.
Mrs. Moore leaves the room. Adela weeps, wondering aloud
if she has made a mistake about Aziz. Adela thinks she heard Mrs. Moore
say, “Dr. Aziz never did it,” but Ronny insists Mrs. Moore never
said such words. Ronny finally convinces Adela that she is remembering
lines from Fielding’s letter. Ronny urges her not to wonder aloud
if Aziz might be innocent.
Mrs. Moore returns, and Ronny asks her to confirm that
she never said Aziz was innocent. Indeed, Mrs. Moore never made
such a statement, but she nonetheless responds matter-of-factly
that Aziz is innocent. Ronny asks for evidence. Mrs. Moore replies
that Aziz’s character is good. Adela wishes she could call off the
trial, but she realizes how inconsiderate that would be to the men
who have gone to so much trouble for her. Ronny decides to have
his mother leave India as quickly as possible.
Summary: Chapter XXIII
The lieutenant-governor’s wife offers to let Mrs. Moore
travel back to England in her cabin, as all the other cabins are
full. Ronny is relieved and excited that his name will be made familiar
to the lieutenant-governor.
Though Mrs. Moore does desire to go home, she feels no
joy, as she has passed into a state of spiritual apathy. She recognizes
that there are eternal forces behind life, but she is indifferent
to these forces ever since her experiences at the Marabar Caves.
To Mrs. Moore, the echo in the cave seemed to be something very
selfish, something that predated the world. Since that time, she
has felt selfish herself—she even begrudges Adela all of the attention
she has received.
Even so, Mrs. Moore’s journey to Bombay is pleasant. She watches
the sights outside her window and regrets she has not seen all that
India has to offer. Bombay seems to mock her for thinking that the
Marabar Caves were India—for there are a “hundred Indias.”
Analysis: Chapters XX–XXIII
In the aftermath of Aziz’s arrest, the English gather
together in fear and solidarity. Using an ironic, satirical tone,
Forster presents this abrupt shift of feeling as hypocritical. He
shows how many of the English develop sudden compassion for people
they previously snubbed, such as Mrs. Blakiston and Adela herself.
Forster depicts this compassion as a momentarily genuine but generally
self-serving, cathartic emotion. Perhaps the most perfect expression
of the hypocrisy of this is the drunken English soldier’s description
of his polo partner as a model of the rare honorable Indian. In
a twist of dramatic irony, the soldier does not realize what we
know—that his polo partner was Aziz. This twist recalls the episode
in Chapter VIII when Ronny remarks that Aziz’s unpinned collar is
emblematic of the Indians’ general laziness; we know that the unpinned
collar is actually a mark of generosity, as Aziz has lent Fielding
his last collar stud to replace the Englishman’s broken one. Forster
frequently employs such dramatic irony in A Passage to India as
an effective means of undermining English stereotypes of the Indians.
Many of the English take the assault on Adela as an assault
by all Indians on the British Empire itself. Forster satirizes this
overreaction as not only silly, but also dangerously based on sentimentality. Because
of the presumed sexual nature of the assault, the English avoid
speaking directly of the crime, the victim, or the perpetrator. The
sense of mystery and sacredness that consequently surrounds Adela
contributes to the Englishmen’s understanding of this isolated incident
as an attack on English womanhood itself. The Englishmen see English
womanhood, in turn, as symbolizing the Empire and all that it stands
for. The Englishmen therefore react frantically and disproportionately
to the alleged crime, even going so far as to consider summoning
an armed guard to police the whole Indian population.
The Englishmen’s treatment of Fielding reveals the gap
between Fielding’s expansive worldview and the narrow-minded fear
of difference that most of the English display. First, Fielding
upsets the Englishmen’s conception of the crime as unspeakable by
mentioning both Adela and Aziz by name. Then Major Callendar and
the soldier emerge as malicious and violent troublemakers who target Fielding
because of his solidarity with the Indians—they imply that Fielding
must choose sides, or else be treated as a spy or traitor. When
Ronny enters the room and Fielding fails to stand up with the rest
of the men, the others single-mindedly take Fielding’s inaction as
a slight to Ronny. Fielding alone sees both sides of the action,
and he refuses to tacitly reject Aziz and India by standing. While
the other men see the crime through the narrow, exaggerated lens
of racism, Fielding implicitly endorses Godbole’s universally-oriented philosophy
that no action is isolated, that every action has many reactions.
When we finally hear Adela’s side of the story about what
happened in the cave, we learn that she did not make up the accusations out
of malice. However, her memory sheds no additional light on the
crime, as she is unable to put the experience into definitive language.
Adela’s naturally logical and practical mind struggles to convert
the experience into narrative, but each effort breaks down, causing
Adela herself to break down. Thus, we continue to see that the Marabar
Caves seem to exert a primitive, powerful effect that upsets the
power of language, meaning, and naming.
Much like Mrs. Moore, Adela is haunted by the constant
presence of the echo from the Marabar Caves. Though Adela does not think
about the echo in the same terms as Mrs. Moore, she appears similarly
to have taken the echo as a malignant force. In the same way that
Mrs. Moore feels the nullification of good and evil in the echo,
Adela finds that the echo confuses moral distinctions. The echo
causes Adela to oscillate between feeling like the victim of a crime
and feeling like the perpetrator of an injustice who must beg forgiveness
from all of India. Here again, the “boum” of the echo relates back
to Godbole’s philosophy—namely, the professor’s conviction that
all humans, including Adela herself, are responsible for the evil
action for which Aziz has been arrested.
The differences between Mrs. Moore’s response to the echo
and Adela’s response to the echo cement the differences between
the two women as characters. Adela, who is practical and unspiritual, responds
to the strange and confusing force of the echo by feeling more confident
and certain of her status as a victim. Mrs. Moore, who is more attuned
to eternal and intangible forces, is less resistant to the echo;
she understands its force as negation. Yet while Godbole’s Hindu
philosophy maintains that absence and presence, nothing and everything,
are one and the same, Mrs. Moore can only experience negation as
a void. Overwhelmed by this emptiness, Mrs. Moore accepts her subsequent
instinct that human actions matter very little. Consequently, unlike
the other English, she does not become inflamed with indignance
on Adela’s behalf. Rather, Mrs. Moore treats the occasions of Ronny
and Adela’s wedding and the assault on Adela as essentially the
same: love in a church is equal to love in a cave, she says. Yet
while Mrs. Moore does not join everyone else in falsely condemning
Aziz, she does not stand up for Aziz either—even though intuitively
she knows him to be innocent. The echo, then, somewhat destroys
Mrs. Moore’s noble character, making her apathetic to the point
of sickness and death.
With Mrs. Moore about to return to England and Adela suffering
a breakdown, it seems that the two women’s quest to understand India
has been patently unsuccessful. On her voyage to the steamship,
Mrs. Moore comes to understand the error she and Adela made. Whereas
Mrs. Moore and Adela sought the “real India”—a romanticized essence—they
should have understood that India is not so easily knowable, as
it exists in hundreds of complex ways.
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