Themes are the fundamental and often universal ideas
explored in a literary work.
The Hypocrisy of Imperialism
Heart of Darkness explores the issues
surrounding imperialism in complicated ways. As Marlow travels from
the Outer Station to the Central Station and finally up the river
to the Inner Station, he encounters scenes of torture, cruelty,
and near-slavery. At the very least, the incidental scenery of the
book offers a harsh picture of colonial enterprise. The impetus
behind Marlow’s adventures, too, has to do with the hypocrisy inherent
in the rhetoric used to justify imperialism. The men who work for
the Company describe what they do as “trade,” and their treatment
of native Africans is part of a benevolent project of “civilization.”
Kurtz, on the other hand, is open about the fact that he does not
trade but rather takes ivory by force, and he describes his own
treatment of the natives with the words “suppression” and “extermination”:
he does not hide the fact that he rules through violence and intimidation.
His perverse honesty leads to his downfall, as his success threatens
to expose the evil practices behind European activity in Africa.
However, for Marlow as much as for Kurtz or for the Company, Africans
in this book are mostly objects: Marlow refers to his helmsman as
a piece of machinery, and Kurtz’s African mistress is at best a
piece of statuary. It can be argued that Heart of Darkness participates
in an oppression of nonwhites that is much more sinister and much
harder to remedy than the open abuses of Kurtz or the Company’s
men. Africans become for Marlow a mere backdrop, a human screen
against which he can play out his philosophical and existential
struggles. Their existence and their exoticism enable his self-contemplation.
This kind of dehumanization is harder to identify than colonial
violence or open racism. While Heart of Darkness offers
a powerful condemnation of the hypocritical operations of imperialism,
it also presents a set of issues surrounding race that is ultimately troubling.
Madness as a Result of Imperialism
Madness is closely linked to imperialism in this book.
Africa is responsible for mental disintegration as well as physical
illness. Madness has two primary functions. First, it serves as
an ironic device to engage the reader’s sympathies. Kurtz, Marlow
is told from the beginning, is mad. However, as Marlow, and the
reader, begin to form a more complete picture of Kurtz, it becomes
apparent that his madness is only relative, that in the context
of the Company insanity is difficult to define. Thus, both Marlow
and the reader begin to sympathize with Kurtz and view the Company
with suspicion. Madness also functions to establish the necessity
of social fictions. Although social mores and explanatory justifications
are shown throughout Heart of Darkness to be utterly
false and even leading to evil, they are nevertheless necessary
for both group harmony and individual security. Madness, in Heart
of Darkness, is the result of being removed from one’s
social context and allowed to be the sole arbiter of one’s own actions.
Madness is thus linked not only to absolute power and a kind of
moral genius but to man’s fundamental fallibility: Kurtz has no
authority to whom he answers but himself, and this is more than
any one man can bear.
The Absurdity of Evil
This novella is, above all, an exploration of hypocrisy,
ambiguity, and moral confusion. It explodes the idea of the proverbial
choice between the lesser of two evils. As the idealistic Marlow
is forced to align himself with either the hypocritical and malicious
colonial bureaucracy or the openly malevolent, rule-defying Kurtz,
it becomes increasingly clear that to try to judge either alternative
is an act of folly: how can moral standards or social values be
relevant in judging evil? Is there such thing as insanity in a world
that has already gone insane? The number of ridiculous situations
Marlow witnesses act as reflections of the larger issue: at one
station, for instance, he sees a man trying to carry water in a
bucket with a large hole in it. At the Outer Station, he watches
native laborers blast away at a hillside with no particular goal
in mind. The absurd involves both insignificant silliness and life-or-death
issues, often simultaneously. That the serious and the mundane are
treated similarly suggests a profound moral confusion and a tremendous
hypocrisy: it is terrifying that Kurtz’s homicidal megalomania and
a leaky bucket provoke essentially the same reaction from Marlow.
Futility
Several images throughout Heart of Darkness suggest the futility of European presence in Africa. The first such image Marlow witnesses off the West African coast, where a French warship fires pointlessly at an invisible enemy. Another image appears later, at the Central Station, when Marlow watches as frantic Europeans pointlessly attempt to extinguish a burning grass hut. In addition to these instances of useless action, Marlow takes note of pointless labor practices at the Company Station. There he observes white Europeans forcing Africans to blast a hole through a cliff for no apparent reason. He also nearly falls into a random hole in the ground that slave laborers dug. Marlow speculates that the hole has no purpose other than to occupy the slaves: “It might have been connected with the philanthropic desire of giving the criminals something to do.” As with the examples of the warship and the grass hut, the grossly inefficient labor practices at the Company Station suggest the pointlessness of the European mission in Africa.
Contradiction and Ambivalence
Contradictions appear everywhere in Heart of Darkness, and particularly with respect to European characters, who serve as living embodiments of imperialism. For example, Marlow insists that Fresleven, the Danish captain he replaced, was completely harmless, but he also describes how the man ended up in a violent dispute over hens and died at the end of an African’s spear. European imperial missions sought to civilize “savage” peoples and hence appeared pure in their intentions, but all too often they inflicted terrible violence instead. The accountant Marlow meets at the Company Station provides another important example of contradiction. Despite the filth and chaos that reigns at the station, the accountant maintains an immaculately clean suit and perfectly coiffed hair. Marlow respects the man for maintaining a semblance of civility even in the wilderness. Such an image of civilization in the jungle—or of light in the darkness—represents another contradiction of the European civilizing mission.
Contradictions also abound in Marlow’s outlook on colonialism, as well as in his ambivalent views on life. He opens his story by describing his belief in the “idea” of colonialism, yet he goes on to tell a long story about the horrors of the Belgian mission in the Congo. The evident contradiction between the idea of colonialism and its reality doesn’t seem to bother Marlow. A similar tension affects Marlow’s treatment of Africans. He finds it repulsive that Europeans mistreat African laborers at the stations along the river. However, Marlow fails to see Africans as equals. When he laments the loss of his late helmsman, he describes the man as “a savage” and “an instrument,” yet he insists that the two men had “a kind of partnership.” Marlow remains unaware of the contradiction in his description. A further contradiction permeates the grim outlook that Marlow expresses near the novella’s end, when he describes life as “that mysterious arrangement of merciless logic for a futile purpose.” According to Marlow, life is at once full of “merciless logic” and yet has a completely “futile purpose”—that is, it is at once meaningful and meaningless.
Hollowness
Throughout his journey, Marlow meets an array of people characterized by their hollow emptiness, reflecting the way imperialism robbed Europeans of moral substance. For instance, Marlow refers to the chatty brickmaker he meets at the Central Station as a “papier-mâché Mephistopheles” who has “nothing inside but a little loose dirt, maybe.” Despite having a lot to say, the brickmaker’s words lack any real meaning or value. Like a nut without the kernel inside—an image the narrator describes at the beginning of the novella—the brickmaker’s speech is all form and no content, revealing his obvious idleness. Marlow speaks of Kurtz in similar terms. He describes the African wilderness whispering to Kurtz: “It echoed loudly within him because he was hollow at the core.” Marlow comes to this realization of Kurtz’s emptiness after observing the severed African heads on stakes, placed there for no apparent reason. Like the brickmaker, Kurtz is showy with his talk but ultimately doesn’t have much reason, since all his ideas are morally bankrupt. Marlow develops this notion of Kurtz as a hollow man later in the story. Although he continues to speak forcefully, Kurtz’s physical body wastes away, making the man a “hollow sham,” or imitation, of his former self.