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Bloom, Harold, ed. Victor Hugo. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1988.

Brombert, Victor H. Victor Hugo and the Visionary Novel. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1984.

Collingham, H. A. C. The July Monarchy: A Political History of France, 1830–1848. New York: Longman, 1988.

Grossman, Kathryn M. les Misérables: Conversion, Revolution, Redemption. NewYork: Twayne Publishers, 1996.

Grossman, Kathryn M. Figuring Transcendence in Les Misérables: Hugo’s Romantic Sublime. Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press, 1994.

Haine, W. Scott. The History of France. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2000.

Porter, Laurence M. Victor Hugo. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1999.

Robb, Graham. Victor Hugo. New York: W. W. Norton, 1998.

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